Holozoa

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Main groups: Animalia, Choanoflagellatea
Name

Holozoa Lang et al., 2002 (R)

Note: R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.
Subtaxa
Adl et al. (2012)

Adl, S.M. et al. (2012). The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–514, [1].

Eukaryota

Opisthokonta
Holozoa
Filasterea Shalchian-Tabrizi et al., 2008
Ichthyosporea Cavalier-Smith, 1998 (Mesomycetozoea Mendoza et al. 2002)
Aphelidea Gromov, 2000
Corallochytrium Raghu-Kumar, 1987
Choanomonada Kent, 1880
Metazoa Haeckel, 1874

Karpov et al. (2014)

Karpov, S. A., Mamkaeva, M. A., Aleoshin, V. V., Nassonova, E., Lilje, O., & Gleason, F. H. (2014). Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 112. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112.

Opisthokonta
Holozoa
Metazoa
Choanoflagellata
Mesomycetozoea

Toruella et al. (2015)

Torruella, Guifré, et al. Phylogenomics reveals convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi. Current Biology 25: 1–7, [2].

Opisthokonta
Holozoa
Metazoa
Choanoflagellatea
Filasterea
"Teretosporea"
Ichthyosporea

References

Lang BF, O'Kelly C, Nerad T, Gray MW, Burger G (October 2002). "The closest unicellular relatives of animals". Curr. Biol. 12 (20): 1773–8. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9, PMID: 12401173.

Vernacular names
català: Holozous
English: Holozoans
español: Holozoos
français: Holozoaires

Holozoa is a group of organisms that includes animals and their closest single-celled relatives, but excludes fungi.[1][2][3][4] Holozoa is also an old name for the tunicate genus Distaplia.[5]

Because Holozoa is a clade including all organisms more closely related to animals than to fungi, some authors prefer it to recognizing paraphyletic groups that mostly consists of Holozoa minus animals.[6]

Perhaps the best-known holozoans, apart from animals, are the choanoflagellates, which strongly resemble the collar cells of sponges, and so were theorized to be related to sponges even in the 19th century. Proterospongia is an example of a colonial choanoflagellate that may shed light on the origin of sponges.

The affinities of the other single-celled holozoans only began to be recognized in the 1990s.[7] The sub-classification Ichthyosporea or Mesomycetozoea contains a number of mostly parasitic species. The amoeboid genera Ministeria and Capsaspora may be united in a group called Filasterea by the structure of their thread-like pseudopods. Along with choanoflagellates, filastereans may be closely related to animals, and one analysis grouped them together as the clade Filozoa.[3]
Phylogeny

The phylogenetic tree based on a 2011 multigene analysis is shown below. It is indicated how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.[8][9][10][11] The holomycota tree is following Tedersoo et al.[12]

Opisthokonta	Holomycota Cristidiscoidea   Fonticulida     Nucleariida     Fungi   BCG2         True Fungi     Aphelida         BCG1   Rozellomyceta/   Rozella       Namako-37     Microsporidia     Cryptomycota     Opisthosporidia   Holozoa     Ichthyosporea   Pluriformea   Syssomonas     Corallochytrium       Filozoa   Filasterea   Choanozoa   Choanoflagellatea     Animalia   950 mya   1100 mya
1300 mya

The alternative hypothesis is the teretosporea clade.
References

Aleshin, V.V. (December 2007). Konstantinova, A.V.; Mikhailov, K.V.; Nikitin, M.A.; Petrov, N.B. "Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?". Biochemistry Mosc. 72 (12): 1313–23. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. PMID 18205615. S2CID 12594007.
Lang, B.F. (October 2002). O'Kelly, C., Nerad, T., Gray, M.W., Burger, G. "The closest unicellular relatives of animals". Current Biology. 12 (20): 1773–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9. PMID 12401173. S2CID 14192333.
Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo (7 May 2008). Aramayo, Rodolfo (ed.). "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.
Elias, M.; Archibald, J.M. (August 2009). "The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus". Gene. 442 (1–2): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011. PMID 19393304.
Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo (2005). "Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc". Scientia Marina. 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69s2205.
Steenkamp, Emma T.; Wright, Jane; Baldauf, Sandra L. (January 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.
Ragan, Mark A.; Goggin, C. Louise; Cawthorn, Richard J.; Cerenius, Lage; Jamieson, Angela V.C.; Plourde, Susan M.; Rand, Thomas G.; Söoderhäll, Kenneth; Gutell, Robin R. (15 October 1996). "A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence". PNAS. 93 (21): 11907–11912. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9311907R. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11907. PMC 38157. PMID 8876236.
Laura Wegener Parfrey; Daniel J G Lahr; Andrew H Knoll; Laura A Katz (16 August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/PNAS.1110633108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989. Wikidata Q24614721.
Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (21 September 2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology. 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255.
Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2017). "Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals". Current Biology. 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006. PMID 28648822.
Schierwater, Bernd; DeSalle, Rob (2021-07-08). Invertebrate Zoology: A Tree of Life Approach. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-3582-1.
Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (2018). "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses". Fungal Diversity. 90 (1): 135–159. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0. ISSN 1560-2745.