Amaryllis belladonna

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamilia: Amaryllidoideae
Tribus: Amaryllideae
Subtribus: Amaryllidinae
Genus: Amaryllis
Species: Amaryllis belladonna
Name

Amaryllis belladonna L., Sp. Pl. 1: 293 (1753), nom. cons.
Synonyms

Homotypic
Coburgia belladonna (L.) Herb. ex Sims, Bot. Mag. 47: t. 2113. 1819.
Leopoldia belladonna (L.) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 129. 1847.
Heterotypic
Amaryllis blanda Ker Gawl., Bot. Mag. 35: t. 1450. 1812.
Amaryllis longipetala Lem., Ill. Hort. 13(Misc.): 78. 1866.
Amaryllis obliqua L.f. ex Savage, Herbertia 4: 98. 1937.
Amaryllis pallida Delile in P.J.Redouté, Liliac. 8: t. 479. 1815.
Amaryllis pudica Ker Gawl., J. Sci. Arts (London) 2: 348. 1817.
Amaryllis regalis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 232. 1796.
Amaryllis rosea Lam., Encycl. 1: 122. 1783.
Belladonna blanda (Ker Gawl.) Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 2: 506. 1830.
Belladonna pallida (Delile) Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 2: 506. 1830.
Belladonna pudica (Ker Gawl.) Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 2: 506. 1830.
Belladonna purpurascens Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 2: 506. 1830.
Brunsvigia blanda (Ker Gawl.) L.S.Hannibal, Herbertia 9: 146. 1943.
Brunsvigia major Traub, Pl. Life 19: 59. 1963.
Brunsvigia rosea (Lam.) L.S.Hannibal, Herbertia 9: 101. 1943.
Brunsvigia rosea var. blanda (Ker Gawl.) Traub, Pl. Life 16:. 1960.
Brunsvigia rosea var. elata L.S.Hannibal, Herbertia 10: 63. 1943.
Brunsvigia rosea var. longipetala (Lem.) Traub, Pl. Life 6: 61. 1950.
Brunsvigia rosea var. major L.S.Hannibal, Herbertia 10: 64. 1943.
Brunsvigia rosea var. minor L.S.Hannibal, Herbertia 10: 65. 1943.
Brunsvigia rosea var. pallida (Delile) L.S.Hannibal, Herbertia 10: 63. 1943.
Brunsvigia rosea var. pudica (Ker Gawl.) L.S.Hannibal, Herbertia 10: 63. 1943.
Callicore rosea (Lam.) Link, Handbuch 1: 193. 1829.
Coburgia blanda (Ker Gawl.) Herb. ex Sims, Bot. Mag. 47: t. 2113. 1819.
Coburgia pallida (Delile) Herb., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 4: 181. 1821.
Coburgia pudica (Ker Gawl.) Herb. ex Sims, Bot. Mag. 47: t. 2113. 1819.
Coburgia rosea (Lam.) Gouws, Pl. Life 5: 64. 1949.
Imhofia rosea (Lam.) Salisb., Gen. Pl.: 118. 1866), nom. inval.
Zephyranthes pudica (Ker Gawl.) D.Dietr., Syn. Pl. 2: 1176. 1840.

Homonyms

Amaryllis belladonna E.Mey. ex Steud. = Hippeastrum puniceum.
This name is not accepted by:

Read, V.M. 2004. Hippeastrum the gardener's amaryllis. 296 pp. Timber Press, Portland, Cambridge. [as Hippeastrum equestre].

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe (all introduced)
Regional: Northern Europe
Great Britain
Regional: Southwestern Europe
Corse, Portugal.
Continental: Africa
Regional: Macaronesia (all introduced)
Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira.
Regional: West-Central Tropical Africa
Zaïre (introduced)
Regional: Southern Africa
Cape Provinces.
Regional: Middle Atlantic Ocean
Ascension (introduced).
Continental: Australasia (all introduced)
Regional: Australia
New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia.
Regional: New Zealand
New Zealand North, New Zealand South.
Continental: Northern America (all introduced)
Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
California.
Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
Louisiana.
Regional: Mexico
Mexico Central.
Continental: Southern America (all introduced)
Regional: Caribbean
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti.
Regional: Southern South America
Juan Fernández Islands.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 293. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2018. Amaryllis belladonna in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Jul. 27. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Amaryllis belladonna. Published online. Accessed: March 29 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Amaryllis belladonna in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2018 March 29.
Tropicos.org 2018. Amaryllis belladonna. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 29 March 2018.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Maartblom
العربية: أمارلس ست الحسن
čeština: Amarylka krásná
Cymraeg: Lili Jersey
dansk: Belladonnalilj
Deutsch: Belladonnalilie
English: March Lily
español: Amariles
فارسی: آماریلیس بلادونا
suomi: Amaryllis
français: Amaryllis belladonne
hornjoserbsce: Prawa amarylis
magyar: Hölgyliliom
日本語: ホンアマリリス
മലയാളം: അമരില്ലിസ് ബെല്ലഡോണ
Nederlands: Belladonnalelie
русский: Амариллис белладонна
slovenčina: Amarylka krásna
svenska: Kapamaryllis
українська: Амариліс прекрасний

Amaryllis belladonna,[2] the Jersey lily,[3] belladonna-lily, naked-lady-lily,[4] or March lily,[5] is a plant species native to Cape Province in South Africa but widely cultivated as an ornamental. It is reportedly naturalized in many places: Corsica, Portugal, the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, the Scilly Isles of Great Britain, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ascension Island, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Chile, California, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and the Juan Fernández Islands.[6][7]

Description

Perennial bulbous geophyte with one to two erect solid stems which appear in late summer. The inflorescence bears 2–12 showy fragrant funnel-shaped flowers on a 'naked' (leafless) stem, which gives it the common name of naked-lady-lily. The pink flowers which may be up to 10cm in length, appear in the autumn before the leaves (hysteranthy) which are narrow and strap shaped.[4][5]
Taxonomy and etymology

Amaryllis belladonna is one of the two species in the genus Amaryllis as currently circumscribed.[8]

The specific epithet belladonna is derived from the Italian bella donna, which means beautiful lady.[9] There are many common names around the world, for instance in the Azores, Portugal one name is meninas para a escola (girls go to school) referring to the flowers blooming when the girls in their pink uniforms are starting the new school year.[5]
Habitat
A. belladonna in California

Amaryllis belladonna is found in South Africa, where the plants are found growing among rocks.[5]
Ecology

Leaves of A. belladonna begin growing in early spring, or during late autumn. They last for a few weeks to a few months until they wither away, and a flower stalk will begin growing. When found in the wild, Amaryllis belladonna is pollinated by hawk moths and carpenter bees. The flower has a long-tubed, pale perianth, which fully expands at night. This flower will then release a sweet fragrance, that contains acyclic terpenoid alcohol, linalool and abundant nectar, that attracts pollinators to it.[10] A. belladonna seeds are soft and fleshy, and appear white or pinkish. They are dispersed through wind dispersal during the winter time. This is to coincide with the first winter rain during March, and April. Seeds will germinate in as early as two weeks, but will not develop into a fully flowering plant until three to six years later.

All parts of the A. belladonna plant are toxic and contain several different alkaloids, such as lycorine, pancracine and amaryllidine. This can cause vomiting and diarrhea in humans. In wildlife these toxins will affect grazing species, and will cause drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distress, lethargy, and heart or renal failure. Deer will avoid eating this plant, possibly due to an evolutionary relationship.[11]
Cultivation

The bulbs are best planted just below the surface of the soil, with the neck of the bulb level with the surface. In colder climates mulching or lifting and overwintering is required. The bulbs may be propagated from offsets. Amaryllis bulbs require little watering and are drought tolerant.[5] This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[4]
Medicinal properties

Several compounds have been found in A. belladonna bulbs, including, 1,4-dihydroxy-3-methoxy powellan, which is an alkaloid. It has been observed that alkaloids in this plants bulb have properties to fight against malaria caused by P. falciparum.[12]
See also

List of plants known as lily

References

Amaryllis belladonna, The Plant List
Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum. Vol. 1. p. 293 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
RHS 2015.
Phipps 2011.
"Amaryllis belladonna". Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
"Amaryllis Belladona distribution map". Biota of North America Project.
"Search for Amaryllis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
Manning, J. C.; Snijman, D. (1 July 2002). "Hawkmoth-pollination in Crinum variabile (Amaryllidaceae) and the biogeography of sphingophily in southern African Amaryllidaceae". South African Journal of Botany. 68 (2): 212–216. doi:10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30422-1. ISSN 0254-6299.
"Is Amaryllis Belladonna Toxic?". Garden Guides. Retrieved 19 February 2021.

Cho, Namki; Du, Yongle; Valenciano, Ana Lisa; Fernández-Murga, Maria L.; Goetz, Michael; Clement, Jason; Cassera, Maria B.; Kingston, David G. I. (1 January 2018). "Antiplasmodial alkaloids from bulbs of Amaryllis belladonna Steud". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 28 (1): 40–42. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.021. ISSN 0960-894X. PMC 5753767. PMID 29162457.

Bibliography

RHS (2015). "Amaryllis belladonna: belladonna lily". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Amaryllis belladonna". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.
Carter, Kathie. "Amaryllis. Amaryllis belladonna (Brunsvigia rosea) and Hippeastrum hybrids" (PDF). Center for Landscape and Urban Horticulture. Cooperative Extension/Botany Plant Sciences Dept. University California Riverside. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
Phipps, Nikki (9 February 2011). "Amaryllis Belladonna Planting – How To Grow Amaryllis Bulbs". Planting Flower Bulbs. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
Adams, T. (2001). "Amaryllis belladonna L." PlantZAfrica.com. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 2 April 2015.