Anthemis cotula

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Asteroideae
Tribus: Anthemideae
Subtribus: Anthemidinae
Genus: Anthemis
Species: Anthemis cotula
Varietates: A. c. var. cotula – A. c. var. vectensis
Name

Anthemis cotula L., Sp. Pl. 2: 894 (1753).
Synonyms

Homotypic
Chamaemelum cotula (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. 1: 186 (1785).
Maruta cotula (L.) DC., Prodr. 6: 13 (1838).
Heterotypic
Anthemis psorosperma Ten., Syll. Pl. Fl. Neapol.: 555 (1831).
Anthemis ramosa Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 593 (1826).
Anthemis cotula subsp. psorosperma (Ten.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 358 (1882).
Anthemis foetida Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 164 (1778 publ. 1779).
Maruta foetida (Lam.) Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 456 (1821).
Maruta foetida (Lam.) Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat. (ed. 2), 29: 174 (1823). nom. illeg.

Homonyms

Anthemis cotula Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 638 (1837), nom. illeg. = Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland (introduced), Great Britain (England), Ireland (Eire, Northern Ireland), Norway, Sweden
Regional: Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium (plus Luxembourg), Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic, Slovakia), Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland
Regional: Southwestern Europe
Baleares (Mallorca, Menorca), Corse, France (Channel Islands, mainland France), Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia (Sicily, Malta), Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia)
Regional: Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States (Estonia, Kaliningrad, Latvia, Lithuania), Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine (plus Moldova)
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Regional: Macaronesia
Azores (Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, Santa Maria, Sao Jorge, Sao Miguel, Terceira), Canary Islands (Gomera, Hierro, La Palma, Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote), Madeira (Madeira, Porto Santo)
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Middle Asia
Kazakhstan
Regional: Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Gruziya, Nakhichevan)
Regional: Western Asia
Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria (Lebanon, Syria), Palestine (Israel), Sinai, Turkey
Regional: Arabian Peninsula
Saudi Arabia

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 894. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2023. Anthemis cotula in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2023 December 23. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2023. Anthemis cotula. Published online. Accessed: December 23 2023. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2023. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Anthemis cotula. Accessed: 23 December 2023.
Hassler, M. 2023. Anthemis cotula. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2023. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2023 December 23. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2019. Anthemis cotula. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 18 Feb. 2019.
Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Anthemis cotula in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2017 2 21.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Stinkkamille
Deutsch: Stinkende Hundskamille
español: Manzanilla hedionda
suomi: Haisusauramo
français: Anthémis fétide
հայերեն: Անթեմ գարշահոտ, գարշահոտ օշոշ, աղբանթեմ
italiano: Camomilla fetida
русский: Пупавка собачья
Türkçe: Köpek papatyası
українська: Роман собачий

Anthemis cotula, also known as stinking chamomile, or mayweed,[6] is a flowering annual plant with a noticeable and strong odor. The odor is often considered unpleasant, and it is from this that it gains the common epithet "stinking". In pre-colonial times, its distribution was limited to the Old Continent and Africa; though it was established in most of Europe, it was not present in Finland, Ireland, or the northernmost reaches of Scotland, in spite of the fact that these countries feature climatic regions favorable to this plant and are in proximity to countries where the species is native, such as Russia, Estonia, Lithuania and England. It has successfully migrated to the American continents[7] where it can be found growing in meadows, alongside roads, and in fields.[8]

The name "cotula" is the Latin form[9] of κοτύλη kotylē, the Greek word for "small cup",[10] describing the shape of the flowers; it was assigned by Carl Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum in 1753.[11]

Anthemis cotula is also known by a wide variety of other names, including mather, dog- or hog's-fennel, dog-finkle, dog-daisy, pig-sty-daisy, chigger-weed,[8] mayweed, Johnnyweed, maroute, Maruta cotula, Cotula Maruta foetida, Manzanilla loca, wild chamomile, Camomille puante. Foetid Chamomile, maithes, maithen, mathor[12] mayweed chamomile, camomille des chiens, camomille puante, stinkende Hundskamille, camomila-de-cachorro, macéla-fétida, and manzanilla hedionda.
Description

The "stinking chamomile" Anthemis cotula is so-named for its resemblance to the true chamomile plant, Anthemis nobilis; both have branching upright stems each topped by a single large flower head, although the "stinking chamomile" is distinguished by lacking the membraneous scales underneath the flowers of the true chamomile, as well as by its characteristic strong odor. The leaves of Anthemis cotula have a similar appearance to those of the fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare), from which the name "Dog's Fennel" is derived.[13]

Anthemis cotula is an annual glandular plant with a harsh taste and an acrid smell. Its height varies from 30–60 cm (12–24 in).[8]

Leaves
The leaves of the plant sometimes have very fine and soft hairs on the upper surface, although the plant is mostly hairless. There is no leaf stalk; leaves grow immediately from the stems. The leaves are pinnate in shape, with many extremely thin lobes, and can be around 25–50 mm (1–2 in) long.[8]

Flowers
Each stem is topped by a single flower head which is usually around 25 mm (1 in) in diameter. The flower head is encompassed by between 10 and 18 white ray florets, each with a three-toothed shape; the florets tend to curve downwards around the edges and may occasionally have pistils, although these do not produce fruit. Beneath the flower proper, oval bracts of the plant form an involucre, with soft hairs on each; further bracts are bristled and sit at right angles to the flowers.[8]

Fruits
The fruits are achenes (with no pappus). They are wrinkled, ribbed with ten ridges, and have small glandular bumps across the surface.

Toxicity

Anthemis cotula is potentially toxic to dogs, cats, horses, and guinea pigs. Clinical signs include contact dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, allergic reactions. Long term use can lead to bleeding tendencies.[14] The foliage may also cause skin irritation.[15]
Distribution

Native[7]

Pale-arctic
Macaronesia: Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira
Southern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Eurasia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Russia, Georgia, India, North Caucasus, Dagestan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
Eastern Europe: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Crimea, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria
Northern Europe: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, England, Scotland, Finland
Central Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland
Southern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Crete, Italy, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Sicily, Slovenia, Sardinia, Corsica, Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands
Western Europe: Belgium, Netherlands, France, Ireland, United Kingdom

Introduced[16][17][18][19][20]

Naturalized in Americas, Southern Africa, and Oceania
Spread to United States

Johnny Appleseed planted stinking chamomile, here called dog-fennel, during his travels in the early 19th century, believing it to be an antimalarial. Dog-fennel already had a reputation for being an aggressive invasive, however, so Appleseed's practice invited controversy.[21] Harper's New Monthly Magazine in 1871 gave Appleseed credit for the overabundance of dogfennel:

The consequence was that successive, flourishing crops of the weed spread over the whole country and caused almost as much trouble as the disease it was intended to ward off; and to this day the dog-fennel, introduced by Johnny Appleseed, is one of the worst grievances of the Ohio farmers.[22]

References
Illustration from Britton & Brown 1913.

illustration from Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte : Atlas zur Pharmacopoea germanica. Author: Franz Eugen Köhler. 1883-1914
The Plant List, Anthemis cotula L
"Anthemis cotula". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2008-06-17.
Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. "Details for: Anthemis cotula". Euro+Med PlantBase. Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
UniProt. "Anthemis cotula". Retrieved 2008-06-17.
Britten, James; Robert Holland (1886). "Page 84". A Dictionary of English Plant-names. For the English Dialect Society, Trübner & Ludgate Hill. p. 618 pages. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
"Anthemis cotula". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
Britton, Nathaniel Lord; Addison Brown (1913). "BORAGE FAMILY". An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian. Volume III Gentianaceae to Compositae – Gentian to Thistle (Second Edition – Revised and Enlarged ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
cotula. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
κοτύλη. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
Dunglison, Robley; Richard James Dunglison (1876). "Section 22 Costohyoideus thru Cough". A Dictionary of Medical Science; Containing a Concise Explanation of the Various Subjects and Terms of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Hygiene, Therapeutics, Medical Chemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Surgery, Obstetrics, Medical Jurisprudence, and Dentistry; Notices of Climate, and of Mineral Waters; Formulae for Officinal, Empirical, and Dietetic Preparations; with the Accentuation and Etymology of the Terms, and the French and Other Synonyms. Churchill. p. 1131 pages. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
M. Grieve (1931). "Mayweed". A Modern Herbal. © Copyright Protected 1995-2008 Botanical.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
M. Grieve (1931). "Chamomile Stinking". A Modern Herbal. © Copyright Protected 1995-2008 Botanical.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
ASPCA - Pet Care - Mayweed
Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 358. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
Flora of North America
Flora of China
Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
Atlas of Living Australia
Cabrera, A. L. 1978. Compositae. 10: 1–726. In A. L. Cabrera (ed.) Flora de la provincia de Jujuy. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires
Haley, William D’Arcy (November 1871). "Johnny Appleseed. A pioneer hero". Harper's Magazine. ISSN 0017-789X. Retrieved 2019-11-09.

Haley, W. D. (1955). Johnny Appleseed : a pioneer hero. Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. [Fort Wayne, Ind.] : Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County.

External links

"Anthemis cotula L." Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
NRCS. "Anthemis cotula". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2008-06-17.
Blanchan, Neltje (1917): Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. HTML or TXT fulltext at Project Gutenberg
Phillpotts, Eden (1900). "ANTHEMIS COTULA". Sons of the Morning. Putnam. pp. 61–71 of 492 pages. Retrieved 2008-06-17.