Bidens

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Asteroideae
Tribus: Coreopsideae
Genus: Bidens
Sectiones: B. sect. Bidens – B. sect. Campylotheca – B. sect. Clomtonia – B. sect. Degeneria – B. sect. Discopoda – B. sect. Ebussa – B. sect. Fulsotsia – B. sect. Greenmania – B. sect. Heterodonta – B. sect. Lesperthema – B. sect. Meduseae – B. sect. Neurophyllum – B. sect. Platycarpaea – B. sect. Psilocarpaea – B. sect. Solvorngea – B. sect. Steppia
Species:
Top · a · b · c · d · e · f · g · h · i · j · k · l · m · n · o · p · q · r · s · t · u · v · w · x · y · z
a

B. acrifolia – B. acuticaulis – B. aequisquama – B. alba – B. amplectens – B. amplissima – B. andicola – B. andongensis – B. andrei – B. angustissima – B. anthemoides – B. anthriscoides – B. aoraiensis – B. arenicola – B. aristosa – B. asperata – B. asymmetrica – B. aurea –
b

B. balsana – B. barteri – B. baumii – B. beckiana – B. beckii – B. bicolor – B. bidentoides – B. bigelovii – B. bipinnata – B. bipontina – B. biternata – B. blakei – B. borianiana – B. brandegeei – B. brasiliensis – B. buchneri – B. burundiensis
c

B. cabopulmensis – B. campanulata – B. camporum – B. campylotheca – B. carinata – B. cernua – B. cervicata – B. chiapensis – B. chippii – B. chodatii – B. chrysanthemifolia – B. cinerea – B. clarendonensis – B. clavata – B. colimana – B. conjuncta – B. connata – B. cordifolia – B. cordylocarpa – B. cornuta – B. cosmoides – B. crocea – B. cronquistii – B. cynapiifolia
d

B. deltoidea – B. discoidea – B. diversa – B. domingensis
e

B. eatonii – B. edentula – B. ekmanii – B. elgonensis – B. elliotii – B. engleri – B. esmartinezii – B. evapelliana – B. exigua
f

B. fischeri – B. fistulosa – B. flabellata – B. flagellaris – B. flagellata – B. forbesii – B. frondosa
g

B. gardneri – B. gentryi – B. ghedoensis – B. glandulifera – B. goiana – B. gracillima – B. grantii – B. graveolens – B. gypsophila
h

B. hassleriana – B. hawaiensis – B. hendersonensis – B. henryi – B. herzogii – B. heterodoxa – B. heterosperma – B. hildebrandtii – B. hillebrandiana – B. hintonii – B. holstii – B. holwayi – B. hyperborea
i - k

B. insolita – B. isostigmatoides – B. kamerunensis – B. kamtschatica – B. kilimandscharica – B. kirkii
l

B. laevis – B. lantanoides – B. lejolyana – B. lemmonii – B. leptocephala – B. leptophylla – B. lineariloba – B. longistyla
m

B. macrocarpa – B. macroptera – B. magnifolia – B. malawiensis – B. mandonii – B. mannii – B. mathewsii – B. mauiensis – B. maximowicziana – B. melchertii – B. menziesii – B. mesfinii – B. mexicana – B. meyeri – B. micrantha – B. microcephala – B. microphylla – B. minensis – B. mitis – B. mollifolia – B. molokaiensis – B. monticola – B. mooreensis – B. moorei
n

B. nana – B. negriana – B. nobilioides – B. nudata
o

B. oaxacana – B. oblonga – B. occidentalis – B. ocellata – B. ochracea – B. odora – B. oerstediana – B. oligantha – B. oligoflora – B. orofenensis – B. ostruthioides
p

B. pachyloma – B. paniculata – B. parviflora – B. pilosa – B. pinnatipartita – B. polycephala – B. polylepis – B. populifolia – B. prestinaria – B. pringlei – B. pseudalausensis – B. pseudocosmos
r

B. radiata – B. raiateensis – B. reptans – B. riedelii – B. riparia – B. rosemaniana – B. rostrata – B. rubicundula – B. rubifolia – B. rueppellii – B. ruyigiensis
s

B. saint-johniana – B. saltillensis – B. sambucifolia – B. sandvicensis – B. schaffneri – B. schimperi – B. segetum – B. serboana – B. serrulata – B. setigera – B. sharpii – B. shrevei – B. sierra-leonensis – B. simplicifolia – B. societatis – B. socorrensis – B. somaliensis – B. steppia – B. steyermarkii – B. subalternans – B. subspiralis
t

B. taylorii – B. tenera – B. tenuisecta – B. ternata – B. tetraspinosa – B. torta – B. trelawniensis – B. trichosperma – B. tripartita – B. triplinervia
u

B. uapensis – B. ugandensis – B. urceolata – B. urophylla
v

B. valida – B. vulgata
w

B. whytei – B. wichmanii – B. wiebkei – B. woodii
x - z

B. xanti – B. zairensis – B. zavattarii
Nothospecies: B. × garumnae – B. × multiceps – B. × polakii
Name

Bidens L., Sp. Pl. 2: 831. (1753); Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 362 (1754), nom. et gen. cons.

Type species: Bidens tripartita L. (1753) (Lectotype designated by N.L. Britton & A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S., ed. 2. 3: 494 (1913), supported by M.L. Green in Hitchcock & Green 1929: 179.

Synonyms

Homotypic
Forbicina Ség., Pl. Veron. 3: 283. (1754)
Heterotypic
Gemella Hill, Veg. Syst., ed. fol., 2: 70** (1761).
Pluridens Neck., Elem. Bot. 1: 86 (1790), nom. inval.
Edwarsia Neck., Elem. Bot. 1: 87 (1790), nom. inval.
Kerneria Moench, Methodus: 595 (1794).
Heliophthalmum Raf., Fl. Ludov.: 72 (1817).
Campylotheca Cass. in G.-F.Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ed. 2. 51: 476 (1827).
Dolichotheca Cass. in G.-F.Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ed. 2. 51: 476 (1827).
Adenolepis Less., Linnaea 6: 510 (1831).
Delucia DC., Prodr. 5: 633 (1836).
Diodonta Nutt., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., ser. 2, 7: 360 (1841).
Prestinaria Sch.Bip. ex Hochst., Flora 24(1, Intelligenzbl.): 27 (1841), nom. inval.
Microlecane Sch.Bip. ex Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 2: 384 (1873).
Megalodonta Greene, Pittonia 4(24): 271. (1901)
Cosmos sect. Klibea Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 423. (1932)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Cosmopolitan
Afghanistan, Alabama, Alaska, Albania, Alberta, Algeria, Altay, Amur, Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Arizona, Arkansas, Aruba, Assam, Austria, Bahamas, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Buryatiya, California, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Cayman Is., Central African Repu, Central European Rus, Chad, Chile Central, Chile North, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Colombia, Colorado, Congo, Connecticut, Corse, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Denmark, District of Columbia, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Finland, Florida, France, Free State, French Guiana, Galápagos, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, Hungary, Idaho, Illinois, India, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jawa, Juan Fernández Is., Kamchatka, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Kenya, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Krym, Kuril Is., KwaZulu-Natal, Laccadive Is., Lebanon-Syria, Leeward Is., Lesotho, Louisiana, Maine, Malawi, Mali, Manchuria, Manitoba, Marquesas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexican Pacific Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mongolia, Montana, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nansei-shoto, Nebraska, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Guinea, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Newfoundland, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North Carolina, North Caucasus, North Dakota, North European Russi, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Northwest European R, Northwest Territorie, Norway, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oman, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Palestine, Panamá, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Is., Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Qinghai, Queensland, Québec, Rhode I., Romania, Rwanda, Sakhalin, Sardegna, Saskatchewan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sicilia, Sierra Leone, Society Is., Socotra, Somalia, South Carolina, South Dakota, South European Russi, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tennessee, Texas, Thailand, Tibet, Togo, Tonga, Transcaucasus, Trinidad-Tobago, Tubuai Is., Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Utah, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Vermont, Vietnam, Virginia, Washington, West Himalaya, West Siberia, West Virginia, Western Australia, Windward Is., Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yakutskiya, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Yukon, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Azores, Baleares, Bangladesh, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Caroline Is., Chagos Archipelago, Comoros, Cook Is., Cyprus, Egypt, Fiji, Gabon, Gilbert Is., Gulf of Guinea Is., Kazan-retto, Kermadec Is., Laos, Libya, Line Is., Madagascar, Madeira, Malaya, Maldives, Marianas, Marshall Is., Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, New Caledonia, New South Wales, New Zealand North, Nicobar Is., Niue, Norfolk Is., Ogasawara-shoto, Rodrigues, Réunion, Samoa, Selvagens, Seychelles, Sinai, South Australia, South China Sea, Swaziland, Tuamotu, Victoria

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 831. Reference page.

Additional references

Britton, N.L. & Brown, A. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian. ed. 2. C. Scribner's sons, New York. Vol. 3: 494. Reference page.
Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195. In: Sprague, T.A. (ed.): International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.
Funk, V.A. & Wood, K. 2014. Bidens meyeri (Asteraceae, Coreopsideae): a new critically endangered species from Rapa, Austral Islands. PhytoKeys 42: 39–47. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.42.8408 Reference page.
Wagner, W.L., Clark, J.R. & Lorence, D.H. 2014. Revision of endemic Marquesas Islands Bidens (Asteraceae, Coreopsideae). PhytoKeys 38: 37–67. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.38.7609 Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Bidens in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 Mar. 19. Reference page.
Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Bidens in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2022 Dec 11.

Vernacular names
العربية: حسيكة
azərbaycanca: Yatıqqanqal, Üçbarmaq
беларуская: Ваўчкі
čeština: dvouzubec
dansk: Brøndsel
Deutsch: Zweizähne
English: Beggarticks
eesti: Ruse
suomi: Rusokit
français: Bident
hornjoserbsce: Zwilc
հայերեն: կատվալեզու
日本語: センダングサ属, センダングサ
ქართული: ორკბილა
қазақша: Итошаған
lietuvių: Lakišius
Nederlands: Tandzaad
norsk nynorsk: Brønsle
polski: Uczep
Runa Simi: Muni
русский: Череда
slovenčina: dvojzub
svenska: Skäror
українська: Череда (рід)
oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча: Ittikanak
Tiếng Việt: Chi Xuyến chi
中文（简体）: 鬼针草
中文（繁體）: 鬼針草
中文（臺灣）: 鬼針草
中文: 鬼针草, 粘身草, 鬼蒺藜, 钢叉针, 婆婆针

Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae.[3] The genus include roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide.[4] Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized.[4][5] The common names beggarticks, black jack, burr marigolds, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed. The generic name refers to the same character; Bidens comes from the Latin bi ("two") and dens ("tooth").[3]
Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversity
Bidens cernua

Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized.[4][5] The genus include roughly 230 species.[6][7]

Bidens is closely related to the American genus Coreopsis, and the genera are sometimes difficult to tell apart; in addition, neither is monophyletic.[8]
Species
Main article: List of Bidens species

Species include:[3][9][10][11]

Bidens alba (L.) DC. – romerillo
Bidens amplectens Sherff – Waiʻanae kokoʻolau
Bidens amplissima Greene – Vancouver Island beggarticks
Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. – bearded beggarticks, long-bracted beggarticks, tickseed sunflower, western tickseed
Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff – Koʻolau kokoʻolau, Ko'olau Range beggarticks
Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff – Arizona beggarticks
Bidens beckii – Beck's water-marigold, Henderson's water-marigold, Oregon water-marigold
Bidens bidentoides (Nutt.) Britt. – Delmarva beggarticks
Bidens bigelovii A.Gray – Bigelow's beggarticks
Bidens bipinnata L. – Spanish needles, hemlock beggarticks, gui zheng cao (Chinese: 鬼針草)
Bidens biternata
Bidens cabopulmensis
Bidens campylotheca Sch.Bip.– viper beggarticks
Bidens cernua L. (syn. B. glaucescens Greene) – nodding beggarticks, nodding bur-marigold
Bidens cervicata Sherff – Kauaʻi beggarticks
Bidens chippii (M.B.Moss) Mesfin
Bidens conjuncta Sherff – bog beggarticks
Bidens connata[12] Muhl. ex Willd. – purplestem beggarticks
Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. – crowned beggarticks
Bidens cosmoides (A.Gray) Sherff – cosmosflower beggarticks, poʻola nui
Bidens cynapiifolia Kunth – West Indian beggarticks, alfilerillo
Bidens discoidea (Torr. & A.Gray) Britt. – discoid beggarticks, small beggarticks, swamp beggarticks, few-bracted beggarticks
Bidens eatonii Fern. – Eaton's beggarticks, bident d'Eaton
Bidens ferulifolia (Jacq.) DC. – Apache beggarticks, fern-leaved beggarticks
Bidens forbesii Sherff – coastal bluff beggarticks
Bidens frondosa L. – devil's beggarticks, devil's pitchfork, devil's bootjack, pitchfork weed, common beggarticks, sticktights. Pitchfork weed (B. frondosa) is considered to be a weed in New Zealand.
Bidens gardneri Baker – ridge beggarticks
Bidens hawaiensis A.Gray – Hawaiʻi beggarticks
Bidens henryi Sherff
Bidens heterodoxa (Fern.) Fern. & H.St.John – Connecticut beggarticks, bident différent
Bidens heterosperma Gray – Rocky Mountain beggarticks
Bidens hillebrandiana (Drake) O.Deg. – seacliff beggarticks
Bidens hyperborea Greene – estuary beggarticks, coastal beggarticks, northern estuarine beggarticks, seacliff beggarticks
Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P. – smooth beggarticks, smooth bur-marigold, larger bur-marigold. Smooth beggarticks (B. laevis) is a common fall flower in the southeastern United States.
Bidens lemmonii Gray – Lemmon's beggarticks
Bidens leptocephala Sherff – few-flowered beggarticks
Bidens leptophylla
Bidens macrocarpa (Gray) Sherff – large-fruited beggarticks
Bidens macroptera (Sch.Bip. ex Chiov.) Mesfin
Bidens mannii T.G.J.Rayner
Bidens mauiensis (Gray) Sherff – Maui beggarticks
Bidens maximowicziana
Bidens menziesii (Gray) Sherff – Mauna Loa beggarticks
Bidens meyeri V.A.Funk & K.R.Wood
Bidens micrantha Gaud. – grassland beggarticks
B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha Nagata & Ganders – Kalealaha beggarticks
Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff – small-fruited beggarticks
Bidens molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Sherff – Molokaʻi beggarticks, wedge beggarticks
Bidens × multiceps Fassett
Bidens nudata Brandegee – Cape beggar's tick, Baja tickseed
Bidens parviflora
Bidens pachyloma – Meskel Flower
Bidens pilosa S.F.Blake – hairy beggarticks
Bidens polylepis S.F.Blake
Bidens populifolia Sherff – Oʻahu beggarticks
Bidens radiata
Bidens reptans (L.) G.Don – manzanilla trepador
Bidens sandvicensis Less. – shrubland beggarticks
Bidens schimperi Sch.Bip.
Bidens simplicifolia C.H.Wright
Bidens socorrensis
Bidens squarrosa Kunth
Bidens subalternans DC.
Bidens tenuisecta A.Gray – slim-lobed beggarticks
Bidens torta Sherff – corkscrew beggarticks
Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton – crowned beggarticks
Bidens tripartita L. (syn. B. acuta, B. comosa) – three-lobed beggarticks, three-part beggarticks, leafy-bracted beggarticks, trifid bur-marigold
Bidens triplinervia Kunth
B. triplinervia var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff
Bidens valida Sherff – Mt. Kahili beggarticks
Bidens vulgata Greene – big devil's beggarticks, tall beggarticks, tall bur-marigold, western sticktight
Bidens wiebkei Sherff – Wiebke's beggarticks

Formerly placed here

Cosmos atrosanguineus (Hook.) Voss (as B. atrosanguinea (Hook.) Ortgies ex Regel)
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. (as B. formosa (Bonato) Sch.Bip.)
Melanthera nivea (L.) Small (as B. nivea L.)
Salmea scandens (L.) DC. (as B. scandens L.)
Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze (as B. megapotamica Spreng.)[10]

Distribution

Bidens includes roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide[4] throughout many tropical and warm temperate regions.[6] Species occur in the Americas, Africa, Polynesia, Europe and Asia.[13]

Bidens are zoochorous; their seeds will stick to clothing, fur or feathers, and be carried to new habitat. This has enabled them to colonize a wide range, including many oceanic islands. Some of these species occur only in a very restricted range and several are now threatened with extinction, notably in the Hawaiian Islands. Due to the absence of native mammals on these islands, some of the oceanic island taxa have reduced burrs, evolving features that seem to aid in dispersal by the wind instead.
Human use and interactions

Nodding beggarticks (B. cernua) and hairy beggarticks (B. pilosa) are useful as honey plants. Several Bidens species are used as food by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the noctuid moth Hypercompe hambletoni and the brush-footed butterfly Vanessa cardui, the painted lady.

The Bidens mottle virus, a plant pathogen, was first isolated from B. pilosa, and it infects many other Asteraceae and plants of other families.

Native Hawaiians drink a special tea out of their leaves (known collectively as koʻokoʻolau)[14] back when they were abundant in Hawaii.
Photo gallery

References

"Genus: Bidens L". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
"Bidens L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
Bidens. Flora of North America.
Knope, M. L., Funk, V. A., Johnson, M. A., Wagner, W. L., Datlof, E. M., Johnson, G., ... & Carlquist, S. (2020). Dispersal and adaptive radiation of Bidens (Compositae) across the remote archipelagoes of Polynesia. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 58(6), 805-822.
Ganders, F. R., Berbee, M., & Perseyedi, M. (2000). ITS base sequence phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens. Systematic Botany, 25(1), 122-133.
Bidens. New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
Bidens. The Jepson eFlora 2013.
Crawford, D. J. and M. E. Mort. (2005). Phylogeny of Eastern North American Coreopsis (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae): insights from nuclear and plastid sequences, and comments on character evolution. American Journal of Botany 92(2), 330-36.
Bidens. Flora of China.
"GRIN Species Records of Bidens". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
"Bidens". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
Crowe, D. R. and W. H. Parker. (1981). Hybridization and agamospermy of Bidens in northwestern Ontario. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Taxon 30(4): 749-60.
Ganders, F. R., et al. (2000). ITS base sequence phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens. Systematic Botany 25(1) 122-33.
Chock, Alvin K. (1968). "Hawaiian Ethnobotanical Studies I. Native Food and Beverage Plants". Economic Botany. 22 (3): 232. doi:10.1007/BF02861956. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4252960.