Bromus madritensis

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: CAM
Cladus: Archaeplastida
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Poales

Familia: Poaceae
Subfamilia: Pooideae
Tribus: Bromeae
Genus: Bromus
Subgenus: B. subg. Stenobromus
Species: Bromus madritensis
Name

Bromus madritensis L., 1755
Synonyms

Homotypic
Anisantha madritensis (L.) Nevski in Trudy Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ., Ser. 8b, Bot. 17: 21 (1934)
Bromus diandrus var. madritensis (L.) DC. in Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp.: 11 (1813), nom. illeg.
Bromus madritensis subsp. eumadritensis Maire & Weiller in Fl. Afrique N. 3: 237 (1955), nom. inval.
Bromus muralis var. madritensis (L.) Huds. in Fl. Angl., éd. 2: 51 (1778), nom. illeg.
Bromus rubens subsp. madritensis (L.) Bonnier & Layens in Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France: 369 (1894)
Bromus sterilis var. madritensis (L.) Kuntze in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 250 (1887)
Festuca madritensis (L.) Desf. in Fl. Atlant. 1: 91 (1798)
Genea madritensis (L.) Dumort. in Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 7: 67 (1868)
Zerna madritensis (L.) Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 117 (1821 publ. 1822)
Heterotypic
Anisantha madritensis var. ciliata (Guss.) Tzvelev in Fl. Evropeískoí Chasti SSSR 1: 185 (1974)
Anisantha madritensis subsp. tefedetica (Quézel) H.Scholz & Valdés in Willdenowia 36: 660 (2006)
Bromus arenaceus Pourr. in Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse 3: 808 (1788)
Bromus asperrimus Ten. in Fl. Napol. 3: t. 105 (1824), nom. nud.
Bromus darderi Sennen in Diagn. Nouv.: 208 (1936)
Bromus decipiens Cav. in Elench. Pl. Horti Matr.: 7 (1803)
Bromus diandrus Curtis in Fl. Londin. 6: t. 5 (1798), sensu auct.
Bromus diandrus var. curtisii Bab. in Prim. Fl. Sarnicae: 114 (1839)
Bromus diandrus var. polystachyus J.Woods in Tourist's Fl.: 415 (1850)
Bromus digitatus Poir. ex P.Beauv. in Ess. Agrostogr.: 156 (1812), nom. nud.
Bromus dilatatus Lam. in Encycl. 1: 468 (1785)
Bromus gynandrus Roth in Bot. Mag. (Römer & Usteri) 4(10): 20 (1790)
Bromus madritensis var. ambiguus Coss. & Durieu in M.C.Durieu de Maisonneuve, Expl. Sci. Algérie 2: 158 (1855)
Bromus madritensis var. ciliatus Guss. in Fl. Sicul. Syn. 1: 78 (1843)
Bromus madritensis var. curtisii Syme & Sowerby in J.E.Smith, Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 11: 161 (1873), nom. illeg.
Bromus madritensis var. curtisii Bab. ex Syme in J.E.Smith, Engl. Bot., ed. 3, 11: 161 (1873)
Bromus madritensis var. diandrus Hook.f. in Student. Fl. Brit. Isl.: 450 (1870)
Bromus madritensis var. glabriculmis Maire & Weiller in É.Jahandiez & al., Cat. Pl. Maroc 4: 943 (1941)
Bromus madritensis var. glabriglumis Maire & Weiller in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 311 (1939)
Bromus madritensis var. monandrus Parl. in Pl. Nuov.: 65 (1842)
Bromus madritensis var. monandrus Guss. in Fl. Sicul. Syn. 1: 78 (1843)
Bromus madritensis f. persterilis Cugnac & A.Camus in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 78: 340 (1931)
Bromus madritensis var. polystachyus Guépin in Fl. Maine-et-Loire (1830)
Bromus madritensis var. pubiculmis Maire & Weiller in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 33: 97 (1942)
Bromus madritensis var. purpureus Lojac. in Fl. Sicul. 3: 353 (1909)
Bromus madritensis subsp. tefedeticus Quézel in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 46: 132 (1956)
Bromus madritensis f. umbrosus Hausskn. in Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n.f., 13-14: 53 (1899)
Bromus madritensis var. urbicus P.Candargy in Thèse Fac. Sci. Paris, A, n° 1: 25 (1899)
Bromus madritensis var. victorinii Maire in É.Jahandiez & al., Cat. Pl. Maroc 4: 943 (1941)
Bromus madritensis var. villiglumis Maire & Weiller in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 311 (1939)
Bromus madritensis var. villosissimus Maire in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 28: 386 (1937)
Bromus matritensis L. ex Roem. & Schult. in Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 2: 651 (1817), orth. var.
Bromus maximus Roth in Neue Beytr. Bot. 1: 114 (1802), nom. illeg.
Bromus maximus var. minor Boiss. in Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 677 (1844)
Bromus multispicatus Roem. & Schult. in Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 2: 650 (1817), nom. superfl.
Bromus muralis Huds. in Fl. Angl., ed. 2: 50 (1778)
Bromus myrthensis Lojac. in Fl. Sicul. 3: 353 (1909)
Bromus oranensis Steud. in Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 319 (1854)
Bromus polystachyus DC. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck & A.P.de Candolle, Fl. Franç., éd. 3, 6: 276 (1815)
Bromus rigidus var. minor (Boiss.) Maire in É.Jahandiez & al., Cat. Pl. Maroc 4: 943 (1941)
Bromus rochelianus Opiz in Naturalientausch 9: 119 (1825)
Bromus rubens var. polystachyus (DC.) Mutel in Fl. Franç. Herbor. 4: 133 (1837)
Bromus rubens var. villosus Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Ital. 4: 30 (1907)
Bromus sterilis f. diandrus (Hook.f.) Kuntze in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 251 (1887)
Bromus sterilis f. varius (Brot.) Kuntze in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 251 (1887)
Bromus varius Brot. in Fl. Lusit. 1: 113 (1804)
Bromus viciosoi Sennen in Diagn. Nouv.: 169 (1936)
Bromus victorinii Sennen & Mauricio in Cat. Fl. Rif Orient.: 133 (1933), nom. nud.
Bromus villosus Forssk. in Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 23 (1775), nom. illeg.
Bromus villosus var. minor (Boiss.) Briq. in Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 169 (1910)
Forasaccus arenaceus (Pourr.) Bubani in Fl. Pyren. 4: 383 (1901)
Forasaccus diandrus (Hook.f.) Bubani in Fl. Pyren. 4: 380 (1901)
Schedonorus madritensis var. ciliatus (Guss.) Lange in Pug. Pl. Hispan. 1: 53 (1860)
Zerna madritensis var. triandra Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 118 (1821 publ. 1822)

Homonyms

Bromus madritensis Cav. ex Kunth = Bromus rigidus Roth

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Central Asia
Afghanistan, Tibet
Regional: Western Asia
Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey
Regional: Caucasus
Transcaucasus
Regional: Arabian Peninsula
Kuwait, Gulf States, Oman, Saudi Arabia
Continental: Europe
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Krym, Sicilia, Kriti, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia
Regional: Southwestern Europe
Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Regional: Macaronesia
Azores, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Madeira
Regional: Eastern Africa
Eritrea
Introduced into:
Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Austria, California, Cape Provinces, Chile Central, Chile South, Colorado, Great Britain, Hawaii, Illinois, Ireland, Mexican Pacific Is., Mexico Northwest, Michigan, Mississippi, Nevada, New South Wales, New Zealand North, Oregon, South Australia, Tasmania, Uruguay, Victoria, Virginia, Western Australia

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1755. Centuria I. Plantarum. Upsaliae, exc. L.M. Höjer. BHL Reference page. I::5.

Additional references

Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Bromus madritensis in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 December 16. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2022. Bromus madritensis. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 16 December 2022.
Hassler, M. 2022. Bromus madritensis. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2022. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2022 December 16. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2022. Bromus madritensis. Published online. Accessed: December 16 2022. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Bromus madritensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 2022 December 16.

Vernacular names
مصرى: بروموس مادريتنسيس
беларуская: мадридска овсига
English: Compact Brome, Madrid brome, Spanish brome
suomi: Nuokkukattara
Nederlands: Spaanse dravik
svenska: spansklosta
українська: Стоколос мадридський
中文: 马德雀麦

Bromus madritensis is a species of brome grass known by the common name compact brome. The specific epithet madritensis refers to Madrid, Spain. It has a diploid number of 28.

There are two subspecies:

Bromus madritensis subsp. madritensis: panicles less dense, stem and leaf sheath less hairy
Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (syn. Bromus rubens) – foxtail brome, foxtail chess, red brome: dense panicles and slightly hairy stems

Description
Reddish subspecies rubens habit

Bromus madritensis is an winter annual grass, growing solitary or tufted, with erect or ascending culms growing 20–70 cm (7.9–27.6 in) high. The leaf sheaths are downy or slightly hairy. The grass lacks auricles and the glabrous ligules are 1.5–2 mm (0.059–0.079 in) long. Its flat leaf blades are either glabrous or slightly hairy, and measure 4–20 cm (1.6–7.9 in) long and 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in) wide. The erect and ellipsoid panicles are 3–12 cm (1.2–4.7 in) long and 2–6 cm (0.79–2.36 in) wide, with short branches that ascend and slightly spread. The branches never droop and bear one or two spikelets each. The spikelets are 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) long, longer than the panicle branches, and bear seven to eleven florets. The spikelets vary in color from green to distinctly purplish-red. The lightly hairy glumes taper at their ends and have translucent margins. The lower glumes are one-nerved and 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long, and the upper glumes are three-nerved and 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long. The glabrous and slightly rough lemmas are 1.5–2 cm (0.59–0.79 in) long. The lemmas are hairier towards their edges and have five to seven veins. The awns are about the same length, 1.2–2.3 cm (0.47–0.91 in) long, and curve slightly. The anthers are 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) long. The caryopses are as long as 11 mm (0.43 in).[2][3]

The grass emerges in early winter and remains dormant until spring when heavy rainfall and higher temperatures stimulate growth. Plants flower from this period typically until May when water stress inhibits the grass. Populations grow during periods of heavy rainfall and populations can be wiped out during extended periods of drought.[4]

The grass alters soil conditions and the competition brought about by the grass both negatively affect native plant populations, and the highly flammable nature of the grass produces wildfires in North American communities where fire was previously rare. Dry florets of the weed entangle themselves in animal hair and can tear at the digestive tracts of foraging livestock.[4]
Habitat and distribution

Bromus madritensis is native to southern and western Europe but has been introduced and naturalized nearly worldwide. In North America it is found primarily in the western United States, in Oregon, California, and Arizona. The grass was brought to North America in 1848 and was naturalized by the 1890s.

In its native range the grass grows in cultivated fields and steppes, and in North America it grows in waste areas, road verges, and disturbed areas, in both ranges primarily on dry stony or sandy soil.[3] In California, the weedy grass occurs in areas disturbed by wildfires. It grows from sea level to elevations of 1,300 m (4,300 ft).[4]
References

"Bromus madritensis". USDA Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
Merrit Lyndon Fernald (1970). R. C. Rollins (ed.). Gray's Manual of Botany (Eighth (Centennial) – Illustrated ed.). D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 103. ISBN 0-442-22250-5.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1993). Flora of North America: North of Mexico. Vol. 24. Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN 9780195310719.

Carla C. Bossard; John M. Randall; Marc C. Hoshovsky, eds. (2000). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 74-75. ISBN 9780520225473.

Simonin, Kevin A. (2001). "Bromus rubens, Bromus madritensis". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.