Camelina

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Orthokaryota
Cladus: Neokaryota
Cladus: Photokaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: CAM
Regnum*: Archaeplastida
Regnum: Plantae
Regnum*: Viridiplantae
Cladus: Streptophyta
Cladus: Phragmoplastophyta
Cladus: Embryophyta
Cladus: Polysporangiophyta
Divisio*: Tracheophyta
Cladus: Eutracheophyta
Cladus: Euphyllophytina
Cladus: Megaphylla
Cladus: Radiatopses
Cladus: Lignophyta
Cladus: Metalignophyta
Diviso*: Spermatophyta
Classis*: Angiospermae
Cladus: Mesangiospermae
Cladus: Eudicota
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Brassicales

Familia: Brassicaceae
Subfamilia: Brassicoideae
Tribus: Camelineae
Genus: Camelina
Species: C. alpkoyensis – C. alyssum – C. anomala – C. hispida – C. laxa – C. microcarpa – C. neglecta – C. rumelica – C. sativa
Name

Camelina Crantz, Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 1: 17 (1762).

Type species: Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 1: 17 (1762).

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Linostrophum Schrank, Fl. Prim. Salisb.: 163 (1792).
Chamaelinum Host, Fl. Austriaca 2: 224 (1831).
Sinistrophorum Schrank ex Endl., Gen. Pl.: 882 (1840).
Dorella Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 3: 231 (1901) non Weber-van Bosse (1921)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain (introduced), Norway, Sweden.
Regional: Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
Regional: Southwestern Europe
Corse, France, Portugal, Spain.
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti (introduced), Romania, Sicilia (introduced), Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
Regional: Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.
Regional: East Tropical Africa
Kenya, Uganda (introduced).
Regional: Southern Africa
Northern Provinces (introduced).
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Siberia
Altay, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutskiya.
Regional: Russian Far East
Amur, Khabarovsk, Magadan (introduced), Primorye.
Regional: Middle Asia
Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan.
Regional: Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
Regional: Western Asia
Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Turkey.
Regional: China
Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, China North-Central, Xinjiang.
Regional: Mongolia
Mongolia.
Regional: Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea (introduced).
Continental: Asia-Tropical
Regional: Indian Subcontinent
Pakistan, West Himalaya.
Continental: Australasia (introduced)
Regional: Australia
New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.
Regional: New Zealand
New Zealand South.
Continental: Northern America (introduced)
Regional: Subarctic America
Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Yukon.
Regional: Western Canada
Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan.
Regional: Eastern Canada
Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec.
Regional: Northwestern U.S.A.
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.
Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia.
Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.
Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
New Mexico, Texas.
Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
Alabama, Delaware, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia.
Continental: Southern America (introduced)
Regional: Brazil
Brazil South.
Regional: Southern South America
Argentina Northeast, Argentina South, Argentina Northwest, Chile Central, Uruguay.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Crantz, H.J.N.v. 1762 Stirpium Austriarum Fasciculus 1: 17.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2024. Camelina in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2024 Jan 8. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2024. Camelina. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 8 Jan 2024.
International Plant Names Index. 2024. Camelina. Published online. Accessed: 8 Jan 2024. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2024. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Camelina. Accessed: 8 Jan 2024.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2024. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Camelina. Accessed: 2024 Jan 8.
Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Camelina in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2024 Jan 8.
Koch, M.A. et al. 2019. Camelina in BrassiBase Tools and biological resources to study characters and traits in the Brassicaceae. Published online. Accessed: 2019 May 26.

Vernacular names
العربية: كاميلينا
беларуская: Рыжак
čeština: lnička
dansk: Dodder
Deutsch: Leindotter
Ελληνικά: Καμελίνα
English: False Flax
eesti: Tuder
فارسی: کتان‌کش
suomi: Tankiot
hornjoserbsce: Hryst
magyar: Gomborka
հայերեն: Սորուկ
日本語: アマナズナ属
қазақша: Арыш
lietuvių: Judra
polski: Lnicznik
русский: Рыжик
slovenčina: ľaničník
svenska: Dådror
українська: Рижій
中文: 亚麻荠属

Camelina is a genus within the flowering plant family Brassicaceae. The Camelina species, commonly known as false flax, are native to Mediterranean regions of Europe and Asia. Most species of this genus have been little studied, with the exception of Camelina sativa, historically cultivated as an oil plant. Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz was the first botanist to use the genus Camelina in his classification works in 1762.

As a way to reduce fossil fuel emissions, the US Navy tested a 50-50 mix of jet aviation fuel and biofuel derived from camelina seeds in 2010.[1] A study published in December 2016 explained that the current low price of conventional kerosene-based jet fuel makes it cost-prohibitive for commercial airlines to use camelina-based jet fuel. The study said substantial government intervention would be one way to create a market for camelina, by combining 9 percent government subsidy on camelina crop production, with 9 percent tax on conventional fuel.[2]
Etymology

The name Camelina comes from the Greek for "ground" and "flax", alluding to its being a weed which suppresses the vigour of flax crops.[3]
Description

Camelina plants are annual or biennial herbs. Their leaves are simple, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic. The flowers are hermaphroditic actinomorphic, grouped in racemes, and yellowish colored. The seeds are formed in dehiscent siliques.[4]
Genetics

The first full genome sequence for Camelina sativa was released on 1 August 2013, by a Canadian research team. The genome sequence and its annotation are available in a genome viewer format and enabled for sequence searching and alignment.[5] Technical details of Camelina's genome sequence were published on 23 April 2014 in the academic journal Nature Communications.[6]

In 2013, Rothamsted Research in the UK reported they had developed a genetically modified form of Camelina sativa that produced Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at levels equivalent to fish oil.[7] EPA and DHA are long-chain omega-3 fatty acids which are beneficial for cardiovascular health. The main source of these omega-3 fatty acids is fish but supplies are limited and unsustainable.[8][9] In October 2023, Yield10 Bioscience acquired an exclusive commercial license for the Rothansted's EPA/DHA Camelina.[10] In January 2024, Yield10 requested a Regulatory Status Review from USDA-APHIS for the modified Camelina.[11]
Species

Four common species are presented below. However, at least two databanks indicate more species may exist.[12]

Camelina alyssum
Camelina microcarpa
Camelina rumelica [ceb; fr; species; sv; uk; vi; war][13]
Camelina sativa

Biodiesel

Biodiesel made from camelina has a variety of benefits. First, traditional petroleum or diesel fuel is not renewable resources, the production of these resources is finite. Camelina biodiesel, however, is a renewable resource. Camelina-based aviation fuel could save 84% of carbon emissions.[14] Camelina biodiesel can be produced in large quantities as feedstocks are enough. Moreover, camelina biodiesel can reduce a country's dependence on fossil resources, which can ensure a country's energy security. In addition, camelina biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel, and it is biodegradable.[15] The greenhouse gas emission of camelina biodiesel produced by no-till farming is lower than that of traditional methods.[16]
References

"From Seed to Supersonic" (PDF). Currents. Winter 2011. US Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
"Camelina oil could be economically feasible as source of commercial jet fuel, new OSU analysis shows". Oregon State University Extension and Agricultural Research News. 2017-02-17. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Attractions, Western Australian Herbarium, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and. "FloraBase—the Western Australian Flora". florabase.dec.wa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2011-03-28. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
"Plantes et botanique – le genre Camelina". Plantes et botanique. 27 May 2020.
Camelina sativa Genome Project http://www.camelinadb.ca/index.html Archived 1 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
Kagale, Sateesh; Koh, Chushin; Nixon, John; Bollina, Venkatesh; Clarke, Wayne E.; Tuteja, Reetu; Spillane, Charles; Robinson, Stephen J.; Links, Matthew G.; Clarke, Carling; Higgins, Erin E.; Huebert, Terry; Sharpe, Andrew G.; Parkin, Isobel A. P. (2014). "The emerging biofuel crop Camelina sativa retains a highly undifferentiated hexaploid genome structure". Nature Communications. 5: 3706. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3706K. doi:10.1038/ncomms4706. PMC 4015329. PMID 24759634.
Ruiz-Lopez, N.; Haslam, R. P.; Napier, J. A.; Sayanova, O. (January 2014). "Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop". The Plant Journal. 77 (2): 198–208. doi:10.1111/tpj.12378. PMC 4253037. PMID 24308505.
Simopoulos, Artemis P. and Cleland, Leslie G. (Editors) "Omega-6/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Ratio: The Scientific Evidence" (World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics), Publisher: S Karger AG, 19 September 2003, ISBN 978-3805576406, Page 34
Coghlan, Andy (4 January 2014) "Designed plant oozes vital fish oils"' New Scientist, Page 12, also available on the Internet at [1] Archived 1 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
"Yield10 Bioscience Exercises Option to Finalize an Exclusive, Global Commercial License to Advanced Omega-3 Camelina Technology from Rothamsted Research". Yahoo Finance. 18 October 2023.
"Yield10 Bioscience Files Request for Regulatory Status Review with USDA-APHIS for Camelina Designed to Produce the EPA and DHA Components of Omega-3 Oil". Morningstar, Inc. 8 January 2024.
"Camelina – The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Archived from the original on 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
Österreichische botanische Zeitschrift (in German). Springer-Verlag. 1891. p. 123. Retrieved 18 May 2021. "Die zweite interessante Crucifere ist Camelina rumelica Velen., welche ich schon im Jahre 1887 aus Bulgarien beschrieben und abgebildet habe."
"Camelina jet fuel could cut carbon emissions by 84 percent". phys.org. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
Quan, He (2016). "An evaluation of biodiesel production from Camelina sativa grown in Nova Scotia". Industrial Crops & Products. 81: 162–168. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.073.
Dangol, Namrata (2017). "Life-cycle energy, GHG and cost comparison of camelina-based biodiesel and bio jet fuel". Boules. 11 (4): 1–9. doi:10.1080/17597269.2017.1369632. S2CID 135275011.