Carlina

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Carduoideae
Tribus: Cardueae
Subtribus: Carlininae
Genus: Carlina
Subgenera: C. subg. Carlina – C. subg. Carlowizia – C. subg. Heracantha – C. subg. Lyrolepis – C. subg. Mitina
Source(s) of checklist:

Meusel, H. & Kästner, A. 1994. Lebensgeschichte der Gold- und Silberdisteln. Monographie der mediterran-mitteleuropäischen Compositen-Gattung Carlina. Band 2. Artenvielfalt und Stammesgeschichte der Gattung. Denkschriften. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 128: 1–657. Reference page.

Species: C. acanthifolia - C. acaulis – C. atlantica – C. barnebyana – C. biebersteinii – C. brachylepis – C. canariensis – C. comosa – C. corymbosa – C. curetum – C. diae – C. frigida – C. graeca – C. guittonneaui – C. gummifera – C. hispanica – C. involucrata – C. kurdica – C. lanata – C. libanotica – C. macrocephala – C. macrophylla – C. nebrodensis – C. oligocephala – C. pygmaea – C. racemosa – C. salicifolia – C. sicula – C. sitiensis – C. texedae – C. tragacanthifolia – C. vulgaris – C. xeranthemoides

Nothospecies: C. × bakarensis – C. × balfouris – C. × szaferi – C. × vayredae

Source(s) of checklist:

Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Carlina in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2 Aug 2016., Meusel, H. & Kästner, A. 1994. Lebensgeschichte der Gold- und Silberdisteln. Monographie der mediterran-mitteleuropäischen Compositen-Gattung Carlina. Band 2. Artenvielfalt und Stammesgeschichte der Gattung. Denkschr. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturw. Kl. 128: 657 pp.

Name

Carlina L., Sp. Pl. 2: 828 (1753). Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 360 (1754).

Lectotype species: C. vulgaris L. (designated by M. L. Green, Prop. Brit. Bot. 179 (1929)).

Synonyms

Homotypic
Chromatolepis Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 526. (1867)
Lectotype: Carlina vulgaris L. (designated by Meusel & Kästner 1994: 22)
Heterotypic
Mitina Adans., Fam. 2: 116, 578. (1763)
Type species: Carlina lanata L.
Athamus Neck., Elem. Bot. 1: 85. (1790), nom. inval., opus utiq. oppr.
Carlowizia Moench, Suppl. Meth. 225. (1802)
Type species: Carlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav.
Lyrolepis Rech.f., Denkschr. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Nat. Kl. 105(2, 1): 147. (1943)
Type species: Carlina diae (Rech.f.) Meusel & Kästner

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 828. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 360. Reference page.

Additional references

Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195. In: Sprague, T.A. (ed.): International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.
Meusel, H. & Kästner, A. 1994. Lebensgeschichte der Gold- und Silberdisteln. Monographie der mediterran-mitteleuropäischen Compositen-Gattung Carlina. Band 2. Artenvielfalt und Stammesgeschichte der Gattung. Denkschriften. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 128: 1–657. Reference page.
Greuter, W. 2003. The Euro+Med treatment of Cardueae (Compositae) – generic concepts and required new names. Willdenowia 33(1): 49–61. DOI: 10.3372/wi.33.33104 Open access JSTOR Reference page.
Wahrmund, U., Heklau, H., Röser, M., Kästner, A., Vitek, E., Ehrendorfer, F. & Hagen, K.B.v. 2010. A molecular phylogeny reveals frequent changes of growth form in Carlina (Asteraceae). Taxon 59(2): 367–378. DOI: 10.1002/tax.592003 JSTOR Reference page. (separating Chamaeleon Cass. from Carlina)

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Carlina. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2018 May 9. Reference page. (separating Chamaeleon Cass. from Carlina)
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Carlina. Published online. Accessed: May 9 2019. Reference page.
Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Carlina in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2 Aug 2016.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Carlina in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Apr 14. Reference page. (separating Chamaeleon Cass. from Carlina)

Vernacular names
العربية: أداد, كرلينة
azərbaycanca: Yumaqotu
беларуская: Урочнік
čeština: Pupava
Deutsch: Eberwurzen
English: Carline Thistles
Esperanto: Karlino
eesti: Keelikurohi
suomi: Kurhot
français: Carline
հայերեն: վարազափուշ
Ido: Karlino
lietuvių: Karlina
polski: Dziewięćsił
русский: Колючник
slovenčina: krasovlas
svenska: Spåtistlar
українська: Відкасник
中文（简体）: 刺苞术属
中文（繁體）: 刺苞術屬
中文: 刺苞术属, 剌苞菊属

Carlina is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.[2][3] It is distributed from Madeira and the Canary Islands across Europe and northern Africa to Siberia and northwestern China.[4][5][6]

Plants of the genus are known commonly as carline thistles.[7][8]
Description

Carlina species are very similar to true thistles (genus Cirsium) in morphology,[4] and are part of the thistle tribe, Cardueae. Most are biennial herbs, but the genus includes annuals, perennials, shrubs, and dwarf trees, as well. The largest reach about 80 centimeters tall. The stems are upright and branching or unbranched. The whole plant is spiny. The leaves have toothed or lobed blades with spiny edges and sometimes woolly hairs. The flower heads are solitary or borne in inflorescences. The head is hemispherical to bell-shaped and lined with several layers of spiny phyllaries. The outer phyllaries may be very long and leaflike. It contains tubular or funnel-shaped disc florets in shades of yellow or red. The fruit is a hairy cypsela with a plumelike pappus made up of tufts of bristles.[9]
Taxonomy and relationships

Carlina is closely related to the genus Atractylis. Together they are a sister group to the genus Atractylodes in the subtribe Carlininae.[10] Carlina has been divided into five subgenera: Carlina, Carlowizia, Heracantha, Lyrolepis, and Mitina.[4]
Carlina biebersteinii
Carlina canariensis
Carlina corymbosa

There are about 28[4][9] to 34[11] species in the genus.

Carlina acanthifolia
Carlina acaulis – stemless carline thistle
Carlina atlantica
Carlina balfouris
Carlina barnebiana
Carlina biebersteinii
Carlina brachylepis
Carlina canariensis
Carlina comosa
Carlina corymbosa (syn. C. curetum) – clustered carline thistle
Carlina curetum
Carlina diae
Carlina frigida
Carlina graeca
Carlina guittonneaui
Carlina gummifera – stemless atractylis
Carlina hispanica
Carlina involucrata
Carlina kurdica
Carlina lanata – wooly carline thistle
Carlina libanotica
Carlina macrocephala
Carlina macrophylla
Carlina nebrodensis
Carlina oligocephala
Carlina pygmaea
Carlina racemosa
Carlina salicifolia
Carlina sicula – Sicilian carline thistle
Carlina sitiensis
Carlina tragacanthifolia
Carlina vayredrae
Carlina vulgaris – common carline thistle
Carlina xeranthemoides

Etymology

The genus name honors the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (1500–1558).[9]
Uses

Carlina species have been used as herbal remedies in European systems of traditional medicine.[12] C. acaulis root is known as Carlinae radix and is still used medicinally as a diuretic and a treatment for such conditions as skin lesions and rashes, catarrh, and toothache. Most commercial preparations of Carlinae radix are not C. acaulis, but are in fact adulterated with C. acanthifolia, a related species. The essential oil of both species is mostly composed of carlina oxide, an acetylene derivative. The compound has antimicrobial activity.[13] The young flowerhead of C. acaulis is also eaten like an artichoke.
References

Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 828-829 in Latin
Tropicos, Carlina L.
Kovanda, M. (2002). Observations on Carlina biebersteinii. Thaiszia Journal of Botany 12(1), 75-82.
Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Carlina includes photos and European distribution maps
Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 39 刺苞菊 ci bao ju Carlina biebersteinii Bernhardi ex Hornemann, Suppl. Hort. Bot. Hafn. 94. 1819.
Carlina. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Carlina. In: Greuter, W. & E. von Raab-Straube. (Eds.) Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase.
Carlina. Flora of North America.
Peng, H. S., et al. (2011). Molecular systematics of genus Atractylodes (Compositae, Cardueae): Evidence from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and trnL-F sequences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13(11), 14623-33.
Carlina. The Plant List.
Đorđević, S., et al. (2012). Bioactivity assays on Carlina acaulis and C. acanthifolia root and herb extracts. Archived November 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 7(3), 1213-22.
Djordjevic, S., et al. (2005). Composition of Carlina acanthifolia root essential oil. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 41(4), 410-12.