Cereus jamacaru, Photo: Michael Lahanas
Classification System: APG IV
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Ordo: Caryophyllales
Familia: Cactaceae
Subfamilia: Cactoideae
Tribus: Cereeae
Subtribus: Cereinae
Genus: Cereus
Subgenus: C. subg. Cereus
Species: Cereus jamacaru
Subspecies: C. j. subsp. calcirupicola – C. j. subsp. jamacaru
Name
Cereus jamacaru DC., 1828, nom. & typ. cons.
Synonyms
Cactus jamacaru (DC.) Kostel. in Allg. Med.-Pharm. 4: 1893. 1835 syn. sec. Taylor & Zappi 2004
Piptanthocereus jamacaru (DC.) Riccob. in Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 8: 229. 1909 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Cereus glaucus Salm-Dyck, Hort. Dyck.: 35. 1834 syn. sec. Britton & Rose 1920
Cereus lividus Pfeiff. in Allg. Gartenzeitung 3: 380. 1835 syn. sec. Britton & Rose 1920
Cereus horribarbis Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck., ed. 1849: 205. 1850 syn. sec. Britton & Rose 1920
Acanthocereus horribarbis (Salm-Dyck) Borg, Cacti, ed. 1: 133. 1937 syn. sec. ???
Cereus jamacaru var. glaucus Ladenberg in Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 3: 70. 1893 syn. sec. Taylor & Zappi 2004
Piptanthocereus jamacaru var. glauca (Ladenberg) Riccob. in Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 8: 231. 1909 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Cereus cauchinii Rebut, Gesamtbeschr. Kakt.: 113. 1897 syn. sec. Britton & Rose 1920
Cereus jamacaru var. caesius Salm-Dyck in Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 18: 90. 1908 syn. sec. Taylor & Zappi 2004
Piptanthocereus jamacaru var. caesia (Salm-Dyck) Riccob. in Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 8: 230. 1909 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Piptanthocereus jamacaru var. cyanea Riccob. in Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 8: 230. 1909 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Piptanthocereus goiasensis F.Ritter, Kakteen Südamerika 1: 234. 1979 syn. sec. Taylor & Zappi 2004
Cereus goiasensis (F.Ritter) P.J.Braun in Bradleya 6: 86. 1988 syn. sec. Taylor & Zappi 2004
Cereus jamacaru subsp. goiasensis (F.Ritter) P.J.Braun & Esteves in Succulenta (Netherlands) 74: 84. 1995 syn. sec. Taylor & Zappi 2004
Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Continental: Southern America
Regional: Brazil
Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central
Introduced into:
Cape Provinces, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Northern Provinces, Swaziland
References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references
De Candolle, A.P. 1828. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum, specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Pars 3: Sistens Calyciflorarum ordines XXVI. 494 pp. Treuttel et Würtz, Parisiis [Paris]. BHL Reference page. : 3: 467.
Additional references
Anderson, E.F. 2001. The Cactus Family. (Timber Press) ISBN 0-88192-498-9.
Govaerts, R. 1999. World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b). 1532 pp.. MIM, Deurne. ISBN 90-5720-098-8 (issue 1), ISBN 90-5720-099-6 (issue 2b). Reference page.
Korotkova, N., Aquino, D., Arias, S., Eggli, U., Franck, A. , Gómez-Hinostrosa, C., Guerrero, P.C., Hernández, H.M., Kohlbecker, A., Köhler, M., Luther, K., Majure, L.C., Müller, A., Metzing, D., Nyffeler, R., Sánchez, D., Schlumpberger, B. & Berendsohn, W.G. 2021. Cactaceae at Caryophyllales. org–a dynamic online species-level taxonomic backbone for the family. Willdenowia 51(2): 251–270. DOI: 10.3372/wi.51.51208 Open access Reference page.
Links
Korotkova, N. et al. 2021. Cereus jamacaru in Cactaceae at Caryophyllales.org. A global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Nov 29. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Cereus jamacaru in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Apr 01. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Cereus jamacaru. Published online. Accessed: Apr 01 2021. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2021. Cereus jamacaru. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 01 Apr 2021.
Hassler, M. 2021. Cereus jamacaru. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Apr 01. Reference page.
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Nagblom
English: Queen-of-the-night
日本語: マンダカル
lietuvių: Juosvadyglis stulpenis
português: Mandacaru
svenska: Blå pelarkaktus
中文: 曼達卡魯
Cereus jamacaru, known as mandacaru or cardeiro,[2] is a cactus native to central and eastern Brazil.[3] It often grows up to 6 metres (20 feet) high.
Description
The plants have wooded stem succulent trees that reach about 9 m (up to 15 m) in height with segmented stems and form large crowns. The trunks reach a diameter of 45 cm with 4 to 6 slightly wavy notches and more in old age. The segmented twigs have four to six ribs 8 to 20 cm long and 5 to 7 radials 1.5 cm long, sometimes up to ten ribs due to ribs that have been pushed in with age. The ribs, which are initially about 3.5 cm high, become higher with advancing age.
Yellow to brown areoles stand on them at a distance of 2 to 4 cm. These carry about 15 to 20 yellowish to brownish spines, which are divided into 7 to 9 radial spines and 6 to 13 central spines. It is not uncommon for the total number of thorns to be reached over the course of many years. The thorns that form later are particularly tough and up to 10 cm long.
The fruit of Cereus jamacaru
The flowers are white open at night, and about 250 mm (10 in) long, with green and white outside the petals with a brown outer edge. The outer bracts are brownish to light green, the inner ones are white. The flower buds usually appear in the middle of spring and each flower lasts only for a night. They blossom at dusk and wither by the morning.
After fertilization, the fruits are egg- to pear-shaped, about 6 cm in diameter and 12 cm long. These turn carmine to coral red when ripe and tear open lengthwise. Its fruit has a very strong violet color. The pulp is white with tiny black seeds, about 3 mm in size, and it is considered very tasty.
Taxonomy
Cereus jamacaru was first described by Augustin Pyrame de Candolle and published in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 467. 1828. Nomenclatural synonyms are Cactus jamacaru (DC.) Kostel. (1835) and Piptanthocereus jamacaru (DC.) Riccob. (1909)
In the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species is listed as "Least Concern (LC)".[1]
Subspecies
There are two recognized subspecies:[4]
| Image | Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
 |
Cereus jamacaru subsp. jamacaru | Brazil ( Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte ) |
| Cereus jamacaru subsp. calcirupicola (F.Ritter) N.P.Taylor & Zappi | Minas Gerais in Limestone outcrops |
Distribution
It is endemic to the Brazilian states of Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte. It is a very common species in the semi-arid caatinga habitats. Many birds feed on the fruit, like the white-naped jay, "gralha-cancã" and the Caatinga parakeet "periquito-da-caatinga."
Plants growing in Jijoca de Jericoacoara, Ceará, Brazil
Uses
The flag of Petrolina
A thorn-less kind is used for animal feed. The most common kind is very thorny but is also used for animal feed, after burning or cutting off the thorns. Mandacaru is highly drought-resistant.
The mandacaru is featured on the flag of the city of Petrolina in the state of Pernambuco.
References
Kew), Nigel Taylor (RBG; Assessment), Pierre Braun (Global Cactus (2010-08-10). "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
Geocities. "Cardeiro". Retrieved August 6, 2012.
"Cereus jamacaru DC." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
"Cereus jamacaru DC". Plants of the World Online. 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
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