Chimonanthus

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Magnoliids
Ordo: Laurales

Familia: Calycanthaceae
Subfamilia: Calycanthoideae
Genus: Chimonanthus
Species: C. campanulatus – C. grammatus – C. nitens – C. praecox – C. zhejiangensis
Name

Chimonanthus Lindl. (1819), nom. cons.

Type species: C. fragrans Lindl., nom. illeg.

Synonyms

Homotypic
Meratia Loisel., Herb. Gén. Amat. 3: t. 173. 1818, nom. rej.

References

Lindley, J. 1819. Bot. Reg. t. 404.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Chimonanthus in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul. 18. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2019. Chimonanthus. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul. 18. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Chimonanthus. Published online. Accessed: Jul 18 2019.
The Plant List 2013. Chimonanthus in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul 18.
Tropicos.org 2019. Chimonanthus. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul 18.

Vernacular names
English: Wintersweet

Chimonanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Calycanthaceae, endemic to China. The genus includes three to six species depending on taxonomic interpretation; six are accepted by the Flora of China. The name means winter flower in Greek.

Description

They are deciduous or evergreen shrubs growing to 2–13 m tall. The leaves are opposite, entire, 7–20 cm long and 3–7 cm broad. The flowers are 2–3 cm wide, with numerous spirally-arranged yellow or white tepals; they are strongly scented, and produced in late winter or early spring before the new leaves. The fruit is an elliptic dry capsule 3–4 cm long.
Species

As of July 2020, Flora of China accepts the following species:[4]

Chimonanthus campanulatus R.H. Chang & C.S. Ding
Chimonanthus grammatus M.C. Liu
Chimonanthus nitens Oliv.
Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link
Chimonanthus salicifolius S.Y. Hu
Chimonanthus zhejiangensis M.C. Liu

Cultivation and uses
Chimonanthus salicifolius

Chimonanthus praecox ("wintersweet") is the only species widely grown as an ornamental plant, for its spicily scented winter flowers;[5] these are also used in floristry as cut flowering branches, which can also be forced as with forsythia. The petals are quite waxy. The plant prefers medium exposure to sunlight or high dappled shade,[6] a fresh climate (hardy to USDA Zone 7), and soft, acidic permeable ground not waterlogged in winter.[7] A protected, south-facing wall encourages early flowering, and a position should be chosen where its spicy perfume can be appreciated while coming and going from the house. Space needs to be allowed for its eventual spread to 3 m (10 ft), since untimely summer pruning to keep an ill-sited shrub in check will sacrifice flowering the following winter.

In China Chimonanthus was domesticated during the Song Dynasty and inspired courtly poems from the eleventh century; it flowers at the Chinese New Year, when flowering sprigs are used as hair ornaments. In China, prunings are dried and kept to perfume linen cupboards.[8] The shrub was introduced to Japanese gardens from China in the early Edo period (probably between 1611 and 1629, according to Garden Plants of Japan[9]). Its introduction into European gardens, from Japan, is noted for England, 1766,[10] when it was grown under glass for the sixth Earl of Coventry in the conservatory at Croome Court, Worcestershire. By 1799 that shrub had grown to be 16 feet high and 10 feet wide. By that time it had been tried out of doors without winter protection and proved hardy in the south of England. Slips of it were distributed among nurserymen and so it entered European horticulture.[11] A larger-flowered (though less fragrant) variety, "grandiflorus" was grown by the comtesse de Vandes in Bayswater, London, before 1819.[11] A yellow-flowered variety (luteus, 1814[12]) is also noted.

No notice has yet been found of Chimonanthus in an American colonial garden;[13] it was first offered in an American catalogue in 1811.[14] It is hardy at least to New York City,[15] where frosts interrupt, but do not stop the flowering.

The flowers are said to be edible.,[16] and can be used to flavor tea.

At the end of its flowering, since it flowers most freely on ripened young wood and has little summer and autumn interest, it is thinned and pruned similarly to Forsythia by partly heading back and a few thick old stems removed at the ground.

Chimonanthus plants are frequently subject to attacks from aphids, and may be attacked by mites and leaf beetles.
Culture symbolism

Chimonanthus is often mistaken as prunus mume, as its name in Chinese ends with the character 梅 (mei). Both flower in the winter to spring time and are symbols for that a new year is coming. However, when referred as Three Friends of Winter or Sui Han San You, it is prunus mume together with pine and bamboo are included, which are highly appreciated in Chinese culture for their endurance in severe winters.
References

"Chimonanthus". Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
"Chimonanthus". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2008-06-02.
"Chinese Plant Names". Retrieved 2008-06-02.
"Chimonanthus". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
The large C. nitens is barely scented, and the late summer flowering of C. salicifolius is largely hidden by its leaves; they are grown as botanical curiosities.
Sunlight is required to ripen the wood for profuse flowering.
Problems stemming from waterlogged winter soils are noted by Michael W. Buffin, Winter-flowering Shrubs (Portland: Timber Press) 2005, p. 106.
Alice M. Coats, Flowering Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Chimonanthus".
Ran Levy-Yamamori and Gerard Taaffe, Garden Plants of Japan (Portland: Timber Press) 2004, p. 76f.
Robert Sweet, Sweet's Hortus Britannicus (London: Ridgeway), 1827, p. 132, notes the 1766 introduction as Chimonanthus fragrans from Japan, in Botanical Magazine 1766, p. 466.
Coats (1964) 1992.
The all-yellow large-flowered variety luteus in modern nursery catalogues is probably a later introduction, from Vilmorin, 1906, according to Alice Coats (1964) 1992.
It is not listed in Ann Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: 'For Use and Delight' 1976.
James R. Cothran, Gardens and Historic Plants of the Antebellum South (University of South Carolina Press), 2003, p. 266
Large shrubs of Chimonanthus praecox may be found in an exposed location by the Belvedere Castle.
"Chimonanthus praecox Winter Sweet PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2020-03-13.