Chloridoideae

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: CAM
Cladus: Archaeplastida
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Poales

Familia: Poaceae
Subfamilia: Chloridoideae
Tribus: Centropodieae – Cynodonteae - Eragrostideae – Triraphideae – Zoysieae – incertae sedis

Overview of genera

Acrachne – Aeluropus – Afrotrichloris – Allolepis – Apochiton – Astrebla – Austrochloris – Bewsia – Blepharidachne – Bouteloua – Brachyachne – Brachychloa – Calamovilfa – Catalepis – Centropodia – Chaboissaea – Chloris – Chrysochloa – Cladoraphis – Cleistogenes – Coelachyrum – Cottea – Craspedorhachis – Crypsis – Ctenium – Cynodon – Dactyloctenium – Daknopholis – Dasyochloa – Decaryella – Desmostachya – Dignathia – Dinebra – Diplachne – Distichlis – Ectrosia – Eleusine – Ellisochloa – Enneapogon – Enteropogon – Entoplocamia – Eragrostiella – Eragrostis – Erioneuron – Eustachys – Farrago – Fingerhuthia – Gouinia – Gymnopogon – Habrochloa – Halopyrum – Harpachne – Harpochloa – Heterachne – Hilaria – Hubbardochloa – Indopoa – Jouvea – Kampochloa – Kaokochloa – Leptocarydion – Leptochloa – Leptothrium – Lepturidium – Lepturopetium – Lepturus – Lintonia – Lophacme – Lopholepis – Melanocenchris – Microchloa – Monelytrum – Monodia – Mosdenia – Muhlenbergia – Munroa – Myriostachya – Neesiochloa – Neobouteloua – Neostapfia – Neostapfiella – Neyraudia – Ochthochloa – Odyssea – Orcuttia – Orinus – Oropetium – Oxychloris – Pappophorum – Perotis – Pogonarthria – Pogonochloa – Pogononeura – Polevansia – Pommereulla – Psammagrostis – Pseudozoysia – Psilolemma – Rheochloa – Richardsiella – Saugetia – Schedonnardus – Schmidtia – Schoenefeldia – Sclerodactylon – Scleropogon – Silentvalleya – Sohnsia – Sporobolus – Steirachne – Stiburus – Swallenia – Symplectrodia – Tetrachaete – Tetrachne – Tetrapogon – Thellungia – Tragus – Trichloris – Trichoneura – Tridens – Tridentopsis – Trigonochloa – Trikeraia – Triodia – Triplasis – Tripogon – Triraphis – Tuctoria – Uniola – Urochondra – Vaseyochloa – Vietnamochloa – Viguierella – Willkommia – Zoysia – × Cynochloris
Name

Chloridoideae Kunth ex Beilschm. Flora 16(2): 52, 105. (1833)

Typus: Chloris Sw. Prodr. 1, 25. (1788)

References
Primary references

Kunth, K.S. 1833. Flora 16(2): 52, 105.

Additional references

Khidir W.H. & Lawrence A.A. 2001. A Phylogeny of Chloridoideae (Poaceae) Based on matK Sequences, Systematic Botany 26(2):386-405.
Peterson, P.M., Columbus, J.T. & Pennington, S.J. 2007. Classification and biogeography of New World grasses: Chloridoideae. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany 23(1): 580-594. DOI: 10.5642/aliso.20072301.43 Open access Reference page.
Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K. & Johnson, G. 2010. A classification of the Chloridoideae (Poaceae) based on multi-gene phylogenetic trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55(2): 580–598. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.018 Paywall PDF Reference page.
Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Snow, N. & Johnson, G. 2012. A molecular phylogeny and classification of Leptochloa (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Chlorideae) sensu lato and related genera. Annals of Botany 109: 1317–1329. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs112 Full text PDF Reference page.
Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Barker, N.P. & Linder, H.P. 2011. Centropodieae and Ellisochloa, a new tribe and genus in Chloridoideae (Poaceae). Taxon 60(4): 1113-1122. DOI: 10.1002/tax.604014 Paywall PDF Reference page.
Snow, N. & Peterson, P.M. 2012. Systematics of Trigonochloa (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Chlorideae). PhytoKeys 13: 25–38.
Soreng, R.J., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Zuloaga, F.O., Judziewicz, E.J., Filgueiras, T.S., Davis, J.I. & Morrone, O. 2015. A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae). Journal of Systematics and Evolution 53(2): 117–137. DOI: 10.1111/jse.12150 Paywall PDF. Reference page.

Links

Tropicos.org 2013. Chloridoideae. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2013.
International Plant Names Index. 2013. Chloridoideae. Published online. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2013. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Chloridoideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 2013 3 Oct..

Vernacular names
مصرى: كلورساوات
العربية: كلورساوات
català: Cloridòidies
հայերեն: քլորիդոիդայիններ
한국어: 나도바랭이아과

Chloridoideae is one of the largest subfamilies of grasses, with roughly 150 genera and 1,600 species, mainly found in arid tropical or subtropical grasslands. Within the PACMAD clade, their sister group is the Danthonioideae.[1] The subfamily includes widespread weeds such as Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), goosegrass (Eleusine indica) or finger grass (Chloris), but also millet species grown in some tropical regions, namely finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and teff (Eragrostis tef).

With the exception of some species in Ellisochloa and Eleusine indica, most of the subfamily's species use the C4 photosynthetic pathway . The first evolutionary transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis in the grasses probably occurred in this subfamily, around 32 to 25 million years ago in the Oligocene.[2]
Phylogeny

Relationships of tribes in the Chloridoideae according to a 2017 phylogenetic classification, also showing the Danthonioideae as sister group:[3]

Danthonioideae
Chloridoideae

Centropodieae

Triraphideae

Eragrostideae

Cynodonteae

Zoysieae

The following genera have not been assigned to a tribe:[3]

Gossweilerochloa
Indopoa
Lepturopetium
Myriostachya
Pogonochloa
Pseudozoysia
Silentvalleya

References

Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1111/jse.12150. hdl:11336/25248. ISSN 1674-4918. Open access icon
Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Besnard, Guillaume; Samaritani, Emanuela; Duvall, Melvin R.; Hodkinson, Trevor R.; Savolainen, Vincent; Salamin, Nicolas (2008). "Oligocene CO2 Decline Promoted C4 Photosynthesis in Grasses". Current Biology. 18 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.058. hdl:2262/82791. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 18160293. Open access icon
Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; Barberá, Patricia; Gillespie, Lynn J.; Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 55 (4): 259–290. doi:10.1111/jse.12262. hdl:10261/240149. ISSN 1674-4918.