Dactylorhiza incarnata

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Orchidoideae
Tribus: Orchideae
Subtribus: Orchidinae
Genus: Dactylorhiza
Species: Dactylorhiza incarnata
Subspecies: (10)
D. i. subsp. cilicica – D. i. subsp. coccinea – D. i. subsp. cruenta – D. i. subsp. cungsii – D. i. subsp. gemmana – D. i. subsp. incarnata – D. i. subsp. jugicrucis – D. i. subsp. lobelii – D. i. subsp. ochroleuca – D. i. subsp. pulchella

Nothosubspecies: (2)
D. i. nothosubsp. krylovii – D. i. nothosubsp. versicolor
Name

Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó (1962)
Synonymy

Basionym
Orchis incarnata L., Fl. Suec., ed. 2, 312. (1755)
Homotypic
Orchis mixta var. incantata (L.) Retz., Fl. Scand. Prodr.: 167 (1779)
Orchis latifolia var. incarnata (L.) Coss. & Germ., Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris, ed. 2: 684 (1861)
Orchis latifolia subsp. incarnata (L.) Hook.f., Student Fl. Brit. Isl.: 353 (1870)
Dactylorchis incarnata (L.) Verm., Stud. Dactylorch.: 65 (1947)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Europe
Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden.
Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
Southwestern Europe
France, Portugal †, Spain.
Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia.
Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Altay, Buryatiya, Irkutsk Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya.
Russian Far East
Khabarovsk (doubtful).
Middle Asia
Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan.
Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
Western Asia
Turkey.
China
Xinjiang.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Soó, K.R. 1982. Nomina Nova Generis Dactylorhiza. Budapest 3.
Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) 2001. Genera Orchidacearum Volume 2: Orchidoideae (Part one); page 279 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850710-0

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Dactylorhiza incarnata in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 July 29. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Dactylorhiza incarnata in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 July 29. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Dactylorhiza incarnata. Published online. Accessed: 29 July 2019. Reference page.
The Plant List 2013. Dactylorhiza incarnata in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2019 July 29.
Tropicos.org 2019. Dactylorhiza incarnata. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 29 July 2019.

Vernacular names

беларуская: Пальчатакарэннік мяса-чырвоны
български: месесточервен дланокоренник
català: Orquídia encarnada
čeština: Prstnatec pleťový
Cymraeg: Tegeirian Mannog y Gors
dansk: Kødfarvet Gøgeurt
Deutsch: Fleischfarbenes Knabenkraut
English: Early marsh-orchid
español: Dactylorhiza encarnada
eesti: Kahkjaspunane sõrmkäpp
suomi: Punakämmekkä
français: Orchis incarnat
Gaeilge: Magairlín mór
magyar: Hússzínű ujjaskosbor
italiano: Orchide incarnata
Lëtzebuergesch: Fleeschrout Fangerwuerzel
lietuvių: Raudonoji gegūnė
latviešu: Stāvlapu dzegužpirkstīte
norsk bokmål: Engmarihand
Nederlands: Vleeskleurige orchis
norsk: Engmarihand
polski: Kukułka krwista, Stoplamek krwisty, Storczyk krwisty, Kukułka krwista typowa, Stoplamek krwisty typowy, Storczyk krwisty typowy
русский: пальчатокоренник мясо-красный
slovenčina: Vstavačovec strmolistý
svenska: Ängsnycklar
українська: Зозульки м'ясо-червоні
中文: 肉色掌裂兰
中文（简体）: 肉色掌裂兰

Dactylorhiza incarnata, the early marsh-orchid,[2] is a perennial, temperate-climate species of orchid generally found growing in wet meadows, and generally on base-rich soils, up to about 2100m asl. The species occurs widely in Europe and Asia from Portugal and Ireland east to Siberia and Xinjiang.[1][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

There are several subspecies and also hybrids, rendering the identification of this species more difficult, but typically, the flowering spike is robust with a hollow stem, 25–60 cm tall, and bearing up to 50 flowers. Plants grow to a height of from 15 to 70 cm. The 4–7 erect yellowish-green leaves are hooded at the tip. The inflorescence is 4–12 cm long, with up to 50 blooms. The labellum appears long and narrow, since its sides are strongly reflexed (folded back). The tip is shallowly three-lobed. The flower is often flesh-coloured (the meaning of incarnata) and the labellum normally has loop-shaped markings.

The flowering period is from May to mid-July, dependent on latitude and subspecies.
Subspecies

Many names have been proposed for subspecies, varieties and forms within the species. As of December 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following subspecies:[10]

Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cilicica (Klinge) H.Sund. – Turkey to Siberia and west Himalaya
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. coccinea (Pugsley) Soó – north and west Europe
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cruenta (O.F.Müll.) P.D.Sell – Europe (including Britain) to Mongolia
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cungsii Kreutz – Luxembourg
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. gemmana (Pugsley) P.D.Sell – Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata – Europe to Siberia and Central Asia
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. ochroleuca (Wüstnei ex Boll) P.F.Hunt & Summerh. – Europe

Two hybrid subspecies (nothosubspecies) are also accepted:[10]

Dactylorhiza incarnata nothosubsp. krylovii (Soó) ined. = D. incarnata subsp. cruenta × D. incarnata subsp. incarnata
Dactylorhiza incarnata nothosubsp. versicolor (J.C.Schmidt ex Lüscher) Potucek = D. incarnata subsp. incarnata × D. incarnata subsp. ochroleuca

Hybrids have been reported between D. incarnata and D. maculata, D. praetermissa, D. purpurella and D. kerryensis.

References

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Altervista Flora Italiana, Orchide palmata, Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó
Flora of China v 25 p 116, 紫点掌裂兰 zi dian zhang lie lan, Dactylorhiza incarnata (Linnaeus) Soó subsp. cruenta (O. F. Müller) P. D. Sell, Watsonia. 6: 317. 1967.
Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2005). Flora Iberica 21: 1-366. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Conspectus Florae Caucasi 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
Griebl, N. (2008). Vorkommen und verbreitung der gattung Dactylorhiza in Österreich. Berichte aus den arbeitskreisen heimische orchideen 25(2): 80-118.
Vázquez Pardo, F.M. (2009). Revisión de la familia Orchidaceae en Extremadura (España). Folia Botanica Extremadurensis 3: 1-367.
Petrova, A.S., Vladimirov, V. & Stoyanov, Y. (2009). Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. transsilvanica (Orchidaceae): new for the Bulgarian flora. Phytologia Balcanica 15: 389-392.

"Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-12-03.

Turner Ettlinger, D.M. (1976) British and Irish Orchids: a field guide
Buttler, Karl Peter (1986) Orchideen: die wildwachsenden Arten und Unterarten Europas, Vorderasiens und Nordafrikas.
Lang, David (1980) Orchids of Britain: a field guide.
Fitter, A.(1978) An Atlas of the Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe.