Eleusine indica

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Poales

Familia: Poaceae
Subfamilia: Chloridoideae
Tribus: Cynodonteae
Subtribus: Eleusininae
Genus: Eleusine
Species: Eleusine indica
Name

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 8 (1788).
Synonyms

Basionym
Cynosurus indicus L., Sp. Pl.: 72 (1753).
Homotypic
Eleusine distans Moench, Methodus: 210 (1794), nom. superfl.
Cynodon indicus (L.) Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 5: 303 (1825).
Heterotypic
Paspalum dissectum Kniph., Bot. Orig., ed. 2, 11: n.º 741 (1764), nom. illeg.
Cynosurus pectinatus Lam., Encycl. 2: 188 (1786).
Eleusine pectinata (Lam.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 203 (1792).
Eleusine macrosperma Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 150 (1812).
Eleusine distans Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 61 (1821), nom. illeg.
Eleusine domingensis Sieber ex Schult., Mant. 2: 323 (1824), pro syn.
Eleusine gonantha Schrank, Syll. Pl. Nov. 1: 191 (1824).
Triticum geminatum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 326 (1824).
Agropyron geminatum (Spreng.) Schult. & Schult.f., Mant. 3: 655 (1827).
Eleusine glabra Schumach., Beskr. Guin. Pl.: 53 (1827).
Juncus loureiroana Schult. & Schult.f. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 7: 238 (1829).
Leptochloa pectinata (Lam.) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 91 (1829).
Cynosurus ara Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., Numer. List: n.º 3816 I (1831), nom. nud.
Eleusine marginata Lindl. in T.L. Mitchell, Three Exped. Australia 1: 819 (1838).
Chloris repens Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 353 (1840), pro syn.
Eleusine distachya Trin. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 549 (1840), pro syn.
Poa spicata Willd. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 362 (1841), pro syn.
Eleusine japonica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 211 (1854).
Eleusine polydactyla Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 211 (1854).
Eleusine textilis Welw., J. Trav. Nat. Hist. 1: 31 (1868), nom. provis.
Eleusine gouinii E.Fourn., Mexic. Pl. 2: 146 (1886).
Eleusine inaequalis E.Fourn., Mexic. Pl. 2: 145 (1886).
Eleusine indica var. major E.Fourn., Mexic. Pl. 2: 145 (1886).
Eleusine rigidifolia E.Fourn., Mexic. Pl. 2: 146 (1886).
Eleusine scabra E.Fourn., Mexic. Pl. 2: 145 (1886).
Eleusine indica var. monostachya F.M.Bailey, Queensl. Fl. 6: 1898 (1902).
Eleusine indica var. sandaensis Vanderyst, Bull. Agric. Congo Belge 11: 122 (1920), nom. provis.
Eleusine indica var. oligostachya Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 41: 636 (1927).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Northern Europe
Great Britain.
Regional: Middle Europe
Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland.
Regional: Southwestern Europe
France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco.
Regional: Macaronesia
Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Madeira.
Regional: West Tropical Africa
Benin, Burkina, Gambia, The, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Sierre Leone, Togo.
Regional: West-Central Tropical Africa
Burundi, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Rwanda, Zaïre.
Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa
Chad, Ethiopia, Sudan.
Regional: East Tropical Africa
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda.
Regional: South Tropical Africa
Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Regional: Southern Africa
Botswana, Cape Provinces, Namibia, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland.
Regional: Middle Atlantic Ocean
Ascension, St. Helena.
Regional: Western Indian Ocean
Aldabra, Chagos Archipelago, Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, Réunion, Rodrigues, Seychelles.
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Middle Asia
Uzbekistan.
Regional: Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
Regional: Western Asia
East Aegean Islands, Iran, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey.
Regional: Arabian Peninsula
Oman, Saudi Arabia.
Regional: China
China South-Central, Hainan, Manchuria, China North-Central, China Southeast, Tibet.
Regional: Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea, Kazan-retto, Nansei-shoto, Ogasawara-shoto, Taiwan.
Continental: Asia-Tropical
Regional: Indian Subcontinent
Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Laccadive Islands, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya.
Regional: Indo-China
Andaman Islands, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Islands, South China Sea, Thailand, Vietnam.
Regional: Malesia
Borneo, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Christmas Isle.
Regional: Papuasia
Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Islands.
Continental: Australasia
Regional: Australia
Norfolk Islands, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.
Regional: New Zealand
Kermadec Islands, New Zealand North, New Zealand South.
Continental: Pacific
Regional: Southwestern Pacific
Fiji, Gilbert Islands, Nauru, Niue, New Caledonia, Phoenix Islands, Samoa, Tokelau-Manihiki, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis-Futuna Islands.
Regional: South-Central Pacific
Cook Islands, Easter Islands, Line Islands, Marquesas, Pitcairn Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu, Tubuai Islands.
Regional: Northwestern Pacific
Caroline Islands, Marcus Isle, Marianas, Marshall Islands, Wake Island.
Regional: North-Central Pacific
Hawaii.
Continental: Northern America
Regional: Eastern Canada
Ontario, Québec.
Regional: Northwestern U.S.A.
Colorado, Oregon.
Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia.
Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.
Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
New Mexico, Texas.
Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.
Regional: Mexico
Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest.
Continental: Southern America
Regional: Central America
Belize, Costa Rica, Central American Pacific Islands, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
Regional: Caribbean
Aruba, Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Southwest Caribbean, Turks-Caicos Islands, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Islands.
Regional: Northern South America
French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
Regional: Western South America
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Galápagos, Peru.
Regional: Brazil
Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central..
Regional: Southern South America
Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Paraguay, Uruguay.
Note: Grey script indicates introduced occurrences.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Gaertner, J. 1788. De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum: accedunt seminum centuriae quinque priores cum tabulis Aeneis LXXIX. 384 pp, LXXIX pl. Stuttgart: Typis Academiae Carolinae. BHL Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Eleusine indica in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Nov 8. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Eleusine indica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
অসমীয়া: ববচা বন
English: Indian goosegrass
suomi: Etelänsormihirssi
日本語: オヒシバ (雄日芝)
한국어: 왕바랭이
Sunda: Carulang
lea faka-Tonga: Takataka
中文: 牛筋草

Eleusine indica, the Indian goosegrass,[1] yard-grass,[2] goosegrass, wiregrass, or crowfootgrass, is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is a small annual grass distributed throughout the warmer areas of the world to about 50 degrees latitude. It is an invasive species in some areas.

Eleusine indica is closely related to Eleusine coracana (finger millet or African finger millet), and the diploid E. indica is likely an ancestor of the allotetraploid E. coracana.

Seeds of E. indica are edible and are sometimes used as a famine food, but yields are low. It is an important weed of cultivated crops, lawns, and golf courses. It thrives in disturbed areas with compacted soils in full sun. Both tillage and herbicides are used in its control. This low-growing grass is capable of setting seed even when closely mown. Some populations have evolved resistance to certain herbicides, including glyphosate.

Eleusine indica performs C4 photosynthesis and therefore can grow in hot climates and in the hotter months of the temperate zone. Its seeds germinate later in spring than most other temperate zone weeds, such as crabgrasses. Though usually considered an annual, it may survive for more than a year in climates not subject to frost.
References

USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Eleusine indica". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.