Ligusticum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Apiales

Familia: Apiaceae
Subfamilia: Apioideae
Tribus: Scandiceae
Genus: Ligusticum
Species: L. afghanicum – L. albanicum – L. calderi – L. californicum – L. canadense – L. canbyi – L. corsicum – L. delavayi – L. elegans – L. ferulaceum – L. filicinum – L. goldmanii – L. gongshanense – L. grayi – L. irramosum – L. kiangsiense – L. kulingense – L. littledalei – L. nepalense – L. porteri – L. scoticum – L. tenuifolium – L. verticillatum – L. yunnanense – L. yushuense
Source(s) of checklist:

Hassler, M. 2022. Ligusticum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2022. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2022 Feb. 14. Reference page.

Name

Ligusticum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 250. (1753); Gen Pl., ed. 5: 119 (1754).

Lectotypes species: Ligusticum scoticum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 250. (1753), designated by N.L. Britton & A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N.U.S. ed. 2. 2: 647 (1913), supported by Hitchcock, Prop. Brit. Bot. 140 (1929).

Note: Zhou et al. (2020) proposed further dismantling the genus into Ligusticum s.s. composed of the type and only Ligusticum holopetalum (on WS as Tilingia holopetala (Maxim.) Kitag. and the others species are spread over a number of other clades/genera, but the necessary taxonomy has not been formally completed.
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 250. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 119. Reference page.

Additional references

Britton, N.L. & Brown, A. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian. ed. 2. C. Scribner's sons, New York. Vol. 2: 647. Reference page.
Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195 in International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.
Downie, S.R., Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D.S. & Reduron, J.-P. 2010. Major clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequences. Plant Diversity and Evolution 128(1–2): 111–136. DOI: 10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0005 PDF. Reference page.
Pimenov, M.G., Kljuykov, E.V. & Ostroumova, T.A. 2001. Towards a clarification in the taxonomy of Sino-Himalayan species of Selinum L. s.l. (Umbelliferae). The genus Oreocome Edgew. Willdenowia 31(1): 101–124. DOI: 10.3372/wi.31.31109 PDF Reference page.
Pimenov, M.G. & Kljuykov, E.V. 2009. Towards a clarification in the taxonomy of Sino-Himalayan species of Selinum s.l. (Umbelliferae). 2. Further studies in Oreocome in the Himalayas and adjacent areas. Willdenowia 39(1): 93-99. JSTOR PDF Reference page.
Valiejo-Roman, C.M., Shneyer, V.S., Samigullin, T.H. Terentieva, E.I. & Pimenov, M.G. 2006. An attempt to clarify taxonomic relationships in Verwandtschaftskreis der Gattung Ligusticum (Umbelliferae-Apioideae) by molecular analysis. Plant Systematics and Evolution 257(1-2): 25-43. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-005-0383-8 PDF from ResearchGate Reference page.
Zhou, J., Gao, Y.Z., Wei, J., Liu, Z.W. & Downie, S.R. 2020. Molecular phylogenetics of Ligusticum (Apiaceae) based on nrDNA ITS sequences: rampant polyphyly, placement of the Chinese endemic species, and a much-reduced circumscription of the genus. International Journal of Plant Sciences 181(3): 306-323. DOI: 10.1086/706851 Paywall Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2022. Ligusticum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2022. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2022 Feb. 17. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Ligusticum in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 Feb. 17. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2022. Ligusticum. Published online. Accessed: Feb. 04 2022.
Tropicos.org 2022. Ligusticum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 5 Feb. 2022.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Ligusticum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 09-Oct-21.

Vernacular names
English: Lovage, Liquorice root
suomi: Rantaputket

Ligusticum (lovage,[2]: 824  licorice root[3]) is a genus of about 60 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae,[4] native to cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Its name is believed to derive from the Italian region of Liguria.[5]

Species

Ligusticum ajanense
Ligusticum albanicum
Ligusticum apiifolium
Ligusticum brachylobum
Ligusticum calderi
Ligusticum californicum
Ligusticum canadense
Ligusticum canbyi - Canby's licorice root
Ligusticum filicinum
Ligusticum gingidium
Ligusticum grayi - oshala, Gray's lovage
Ligusticum holopetalum
Ligusticum hultenii
Ligusticum huteri
Ligusticum ibukicola
Ligusticum jeholense
Ligusticum monnieri
Ligusticum mutellina – alpine lovage
Ligusticum porteri – oshá
Ligusticum scoticum – Scots lovage
Ligusticum sinense – gaoben 藁本
Ligusticum striatum - Szechuan lovage, Szechwan lovage, chuanxiong, chuan xiong 川芎
Ligusticum tenuifolium – Idaho lovage
Ligusticum vaginatum
Ligusticum verticillatum – northern lovage

Former species

Ligusticum mutellinoides – small alpine lovage, is a synonym of Neogaya simplex (L.) Meisn.[6]
Uses

The roots of several species are used as medicinal herbs. L. striatum (in older literature L. wallichi or L. chuanxiong) is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in Chinese herbology, where it is called chuānxiōng (川芎); in English, Szechwan lovage.[7] L. porteri (osha) is used in Western herbal medicine. Chinese Ligusticum root contains alkaloids that have been shown in studies to inhibit TNF-alpha production and TNF-alpha-mediated NF-kappaB activation.[8] One study conducted in Japan showed the active compounds found in Ligusticum sinense have both anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing effects, exerting its anti-inflammatory benefits in the early and the late stages of processes in the inflammatory pathology.[9]

Both Ligusticum sinense and L. jeholens essential oils contain natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.[10]
References

Le Roy Abrams; Roxana Stinchfield Ferris (1923). "Ligusticum L. Sp. Pl. 250. 1753". Geraniaceae to Scrophulariaceae, geraniums to figworts. An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Vol. 3. Stanford University Press. pp. 235–237. ISBN 9780804700054.
Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Ligusticum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
Menglan She; Fading Pu; Zehui Pan; Mark Watson; John F. M. Cannon; Ingrid Holmes-Smith; Eugene V. Kljuykov; Loy R. Phillippe; Michael G. Pimenov (2005). "Ligusticum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 250. 1753". In Flora of Chinaial Committee; Wu Zhengyi; Peter Raven (eds.). Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Flora of China. Vol. 14. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press. ISBN 9781930723412.
Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
"Neogaya simplex". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
"Page about use in Chinese medicine". Archived from the original on 2006-10-29. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
Prieto JM, Recio MC, Giner RM, Máñez S, Giner-Larza EM, Ríos JL (2003). "Influence of traditional Chinese anti-inflammatory medicinal plants on leukocyte and platelet functions". J Pharm Pharmacol. 9 (55): 1275–82. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
Jim English (2010). "Traditional Chinese Herbs for Arthritis". Nutrition Review. 5 (2). Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
Jihua Wang, Liang Xu, Ling Yang, Zhilong Liu and Ligang Zhou "Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils from Ligusticum sinense and L. jeholense (Umbelliferae) from China" Rec. Nat. Prod. 5:4 (2011) 314-318 Records of Natural Products