Linderniaceae

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Linderniaceae
Genera: Artanema – Bampsia – Bonnaya – Catimbaua – Chamaegigas – Craterostigma – Crepidorhopalon – Cubitanthus – Hartliella – Hemiarrhena – Isabelcristinia – Lindernia – Linderniella – Micranthemum – Picria – Pierranthus – Schizotorenia – Scolophyllum – Stemodiopsis – Torenia – Vandellia – Yamazakia
Name

Linderniaceae Borsch, Kai Müll. & Eb.Fisch. in Pl. Biol. (Stuttgart) 7(1): 76. (2005)

Type genus: Lindernia All. Mélanges Philos. Math. Soc. Roy. Turin 3(1): 178–181, pl. 5, f. 1. (1766)

Note: See Discussion Page for difficulties with the circumscription of this family.
Synonyms

Replaced synonym
Lindernieae Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1(3): 385 (1831).

References
Primary references

Rahmanzadeh, R., Müller, K., Fischer, E., Bartels, D. & Borsch, T. 2005. The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales). Plant Biology 7(1): 67-78. DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-830444 Paywall PDF Reference page.

Additional references

Almeida, E.M., Wanderley, A.M., Santos, A.D.S., De Melo, J.I.M., Souza, G., Batista, F.R.D.C., Christenhusz, M.J. & Felix, L.P. 2019. Two new genera and species of Linderniaceae (Lamiales) from inselbergs in northeastern Brazil: morphological and karyological evidence. Phytotaxa 400(4): 215-226. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.400.4.1 Paywall Reference page.
Biffin, E., Barker, W.B., Wannan, B. & Liang, Y.S. 2018. The phylogenetic placement of Australian Linderniaceae and implications for generic taxonomy. Australian Systematic Botany 31(3): 241–251. DOI: 10.1071/SB17058 Paywall Reference page.
Biffin, E., Barker, W.B., Wannan, B. & Liang, Y.S. 2018. Corrigendum to: The phylogenetic placement of Australian Linderniaceae and implications for generic taxonomy. Australian Systematic Botany 31(4): 373. DOI: 10.1071/SB17058_CO Paywall Reference page.
Fischer, E., Schäferhoff, B. & Müller, K. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae – The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43(2): 209–238. DOI: 10.3372/wi.43.43201 Open access Reference page.
Olmstead, R.G. (ed.) 2021. A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales. Version 2.8.0 (in prog.). 20 pp. PDF Reference page. Accessed 14 Feb. 2014.
Perret, M., Chautems, A., De Araujo, A.O. & Salamin, N. 2013. Temporal and spatial origin of Gesneriaceae in the New World inferred from plastid DNA sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171(1): 61-79. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01303.x Open access Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Linderniaceae in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Jan. 14. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2022. Linderniaceae. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2022. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2022 Jan. 14. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2022. Linderniaceae. Published online. Accessed: Jan. 14 2022. Reference page.
Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Online. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2020. Linderniaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 14 Jan. 2020. Reference page.

Vernacular names
català: Linderniàcies
čeština: Puštičkovité
فارسی: آناغالیسیان
suomi: Huuliokasvit
hrvatski: Ljuborovke
한국어: 외풀과
മലയാളം: ലിൻഡേണിയേസീ
polski: Linderniowate
Tiếng Việt: Họ Lữ đằng
中文: 母草科

Linderniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales, which consists of about 25 genera and 265 species occurring worldwide. It is commonly known as the false-pimpernel family.[2] Vandellia micrantha is eaten in Laos, but tastes bitter. Best known are the wishbone flowers Torenia fournieri and Torenia thouarsii, which are used as bedding plants, especially in the tropics. Micranthemum is sold as an aquarium plant under the name 'baby tears'.

In other classifications it used to be included within family Scrophulariaceae sensu lato or more recently[when?] in Plantaginaceae sensu lato, but several authors have demonstrated that this taxon should be segregated[3][4] from those families, as Linderniaceae,[5] and it has been recognized by LAPG II[6] and APG III.[1] Recently a phylogeny has been published [7] and two new Brazilian genera Catimbaua and Isabelcristinia were recently[when?] added to the family.[8] Studies on the family limits of Linderniaceae are pending.
List of genera

Compiled from sources GRIN:[9] and the World Checklist of Vascular Plants:[10]

Ameroglossum Eb.Fisch., S.Vogel & A.V.Lopes
Artanema D.Don
Bampsia Lisowski & Mielcarek
Bonnaya Link & Otto
Bythophyton Hook.f.
Catimbaua L.P.Felix, Christenh. & E.M.Almeida
Chamaegigas Dinter ex Heil
Craterostigma Hochst. - sometimes considered as part of Lindernia[11]
Crepidorhopalon Eb.Fisch.
Cubitanthus Barringer
Dintera Stapf
Encopella Pennell
Hartliella Eb.Fisch.
Hemiarrhena Benth.
Isabelcristinia L.P.Felix, Christenh. & E.M.Almeida
Legazpia Blanco (sometimes included in Torenia)
Lindernia All.
Linderniella Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.
Micranthemum Michx.
Microcarpaea R.Br.
Picria Lour.
Pierranthus Bonati
Schizotorenia T.Yamaz.
Scolophyllum T.Yamaz.
Stemodiopsis Engl.
Torenia L.
Vandellia L.
Yamazakia W.R.Barker, Y.S.Liang & Wannan

References

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
Weakley, A.S.; SE Flora Team. "Linderniaceae (False-pimpernel Family)". Flora of the Southeastern United States. North Carolina Botanical Garden. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
Albach, D. C., Meudt, H. M. & Oxelman, B. 2005. Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae. American Journal of Botany 92: 297–315.
Oxelman B., Kornhall, P., Olmstead, R. G. & Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54(2):411–425.
Rahmanzadeh, R., K. Müller, E. Fischer, D. Bartels & T. Borsch. 2005. The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales). Pl. Biol. ( Stuttgart) 7: 67-78.
Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon. 56 (1): 7–12. doi:10.2307/25065731. JSTOR 25065731.
Fischer E, Schäferhoff, B and Müller, K. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - the new genus Linderniella and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43: 209-238.
Almeida, E.M., Wanderley, A.M., Santos, A.D.S., DE MELO, J.I.M., Souza, G., Batista, F.R.D.C., Christenhusz, M.J. and Felix, L.P., 2019. Two new genera and species of Linderniaceae (Lamiales) from inselbergs in northeastern Brazil: morphological and karyological evidence. Phytotaxa 400(4):215-226.
GRIN "Germplasm Resources Information Network". Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
WCVP "World Checklist of Vascular Plants". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
"Lindernia All". A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.