Masdevallia

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Epidendroideae
Tribus: Epidendreae
Subtribus: Pleurothallidinae
Genus: Masdevallia
Subgenera: (11)
M. subg. Amanda – M. subg. Cucullatia – M. subg. Fissia – M. subg. Masdevallia – M. subg. Meleagris – M. subg. Nidificia – M. subg. Polyantha – M. subg. Pygmaeia – M. subg. Scabripes – M. subg. Teagueia – M. subg. Volvula
Overview of species (639)
Top · a · b · c · d · e · f · g · h · i · j · k · l · m · n · o · p · q · r · s · t · u · v · w · x · y · z
a

M. abbreviata – M. acaroi – M. acrochordonia – M. adamsii – M. adrianae – M. aenigma – M. agaster – M. aguirrei – M. akemiana – M. albella – M. alexandri – M. alismifolia – M. alphonsiana – M. amabilis – M. amaluzae – M. amanda – M. ametroglossa – M. amoena – M. amplexa – M. ampullacea – M. amsleri – M. anceps – M. andreae – M. andreettana – M. andresiana – M. anemone – M. anfracta – M. angulata – M. angulifera – M. anisomorpha – M. anomala – M. antonii – M. aphanes – M. apoloae – M. apparitio – M. aptera – M. arangoi – M. ariasii – M. arminii – M. assurgens – M. asterotricha – M. atahualpa – M. attenuata – M. audax – M. aurea – M. aureoportensis – M. aurorae – M. ayabacana
b

M. bangii – M. barbozae – M. barlaeana – M. barrowii – M. beckendorfii – M. belua – M. bennettii – M. berthae – M. bicolor – M. bicornis – M. biflora – M. boliviensis – M. bonplandii – M. bottae – M. bourdetteana – M. brachyantha – M. brachyura – M. brenneri – M. brockmuelleri – M. bryophila – M. buccinator – M. bucculenta – M. bulbophyllopsis – M. burianii – M. burzlaffiana
c

M. cacodes – M. caesia – M. calagrasalis – M. calcarata – M. calocalix – M. calochrysos – M. caloptera – M. calosiphon – M. calura – M. campyloglossa – M. cardiantha – M. carmenensis – M. carnosa – M. carpishica – M. carrilloana – M. carruthersiana – M. castor – M. catapheres – M. caudata – M. caudivolvula – M. cerastes – M. chaetostoma – M. chaparensis – M. chasei – M. chaucana – M. cheloglossa – M. chimboensis – M. chontalensis – M. christae – M. chuspipatae – M. cinnamomea – M. citrinella – M. civilis – M. clandestina – M. cleistogama – M. cloesii – M. cocapatae – M. coccinea – M. collantesii – M. collina – M. colossus – M. concinna – M. condorensis – M. constricta – M. copiosa – M. corazonica – M. cordeliana – M. corderoana – M. coriacea – M. corinnea – M. corniculata – M. cosmia – M. cracens – M. cranion – M. crassicaudis – M. crescenticola – M. cretata – M. cucullata – M. cuprea – M. cupularis – M. curtipes – M. cyclotega – M. cylix
d

M. dalessandroi – M. dalstroemii – M. datura – M. davisii – M. deburghgraevei – M. deceptrix – M. decumana – M. deformis – M. dejonghei – M. delhierroi – M. delphina – M. demissa – M. deniseana – M. descendens – M. dickinsoniana – M. dimorphotricha – M. discoidea – M. discolor – M. don-quijote – M. dorisiae – M. doucetteana – M. draconis – M. dreisei – M. driesseniana – M. dryada – M. dubbeldamii – M. dudleyi – M. dunstervillei – M. dura – M. dynastes
e

M. eburnea – M. ecallosa – M. echo – M. ejiriana – M. elachys – M. elegans – M. elephanticeps – M. empusa – M. encephala – M. ensata – M. epallax – M. ephelota – M. estradae – M. eucharis – M. eumeces – M. eumeliae – M. eurynogaster – M. excelsior – M. exilipes – M. expers – M. exquisita – M. eyrei
f

M. falcago – M. fasciata – M. fenestralis – M. fenestrellata – M. ferrusii – M. figueroae – M. filaria – M. flaveola – M. floribunda – M. foetens – M. fonsecae – M. formosa – M. fosterae – M. fractiflexa – M. fragrans – M. frilehmannii – M. fuchsii – M. fulvescens
g

M. garciae – M. gargantua – M. gastrodes – M. geminiflora – M. gemmula – M. gentianoides – M. gerhardii – M. gilbertoi – M. glandulosa – M. glomerosa – M. gloriae – M. gloriosa – M. gnoma – M. goettfertiana – M. goliath – M. graminea – M. guayanensis – M. guerrieroi – M. gutierrezii – M. guttulata
h

M. harlequina – M. hartman-filii – M. hartmanii – M. heideri – M. helenae – M. helgae – M. henniae – M. hercules – M. herradurae – M. heteroptera – M. hians – M. hieroglyphica – M. hirtzii – M. hortensis – M. hortilankesteriani – M. hubeinii – M. hydrae – M. hylodes – M. hymenantha – M. hystrix
i

M. icterina – M. idae – M. ignea – M. immensa – M. impostor – M. inamoena – M. indecora – M. infracta – M. ingridiana – M. instar – M. ionocharis – M. irapana – M. iris – M. ishikoi – M. isos – M. ivanii
j

M. jaderi – M. jarae – M. jimeneziana – M. jorge-warneri – M. josei – M. juan-albertoi
k

M. karelii – M. karineae – M. klabochorum – M. kuhniorum – M. kyphonantha
l

M. laevis – M. lamia – M. lamprotyria – M. lankesteriana – M. lansbergii – M. lappifera – M. lata – M. laucheana – M. leathersii – M. lehmannii – M. lenae – M. leonardoi – M. leonii – M. leontoglossa – M. leucantha – M. lewisii – M. lilacina – M. lilianae – M. limax – M. lineolata – M. lintricula – M. listroglossa – M. livingstoneana – M. lophina – M. loui – M. lucernula – M. ludibunda – M. ludibundella – M. luerorum – M. luziaemariae – M. lychniphora – M. lynniana
m

M. macrogenia – M. macroglossa – M. macropus – M. macrura – M. maculata – M. maduroi – M. magaliana – M. mallii – M. maloi – M. manarana – M. manchinazae – M. mandarina – M. manningii – M. manoloi – M. manta – M. marginella – M. mariposa – M. marizae – M. marthae – M. martineae – M. martiniana – M. mascarata – M. mastodon – M. mataxa – M. maxilimax – M. mayaycu – M. medinae – M. medusa – M. mejiana – M. melanoglossa – M. melanopus – M. melanoxantha – M. meleagris – M. melina – M. menatoi – M. mendozae – M. mentosa – M. merinoi – M. mezae – M. microptera – M. microsiphon – M. midas – M. milagroi – M. minuta – M. misasii – M. molossoides – M. molossus – M. monicana – M. monogona – M. mooreana – M. morochoi – M. munae – M. murex – M. mutica
n

M. naevia – M. naranjapatae – M. navicularis – M. nebulina – M. neukermansii – M. newmaniana – M. nicaraguae – M. nidifica – M. niesseniae – M. nigricans – M. nijhuisiae – M. nikoleana – M. nitens – M. nivea – M. norae – M. norops – M. norrisiorum – M. notosibirica – M. nunezii
o

M. obscurans – M. odnalorii – M. odontocera – M. odontopetala – M. olmosii – M. omorenoi – M. ophioglossa – M. oreas – M. ortalis – M. os-draconis – M. os-viperae – M. oscarii – M. oscitans – M. ostaurina – M. ova-avis – M. oversteegeniana – M. oxapampaensis
p

M. pachyantha – M. pachygyne – M. pachysepala – M. pachyura – M. paivaeana – M. pandurilabia – M. panguiensis – M. pantomima – M. papillosa – M. paquishae – M. pardina – M. parsonsii – M. parvula – M. pastinata – M. patchicutzae – M. patriciana – M. patula – M. peristeria – M. pernix – M. persicina – M. pescadoensis – M. phacopsis – M. phasmatodes – M. phlogina – M. phoebe – M. phoenix – M. picea – M. picta – M. picturata – M. pileata – M. pinocchio – M. planadensis – M. plantaginea – M. platyglossa – M. pleurothalloides – M. plynophora – M. pollux – M. polychroma – M. polysticta – M. popowiana – M. porphyrea – M. portillae – M. posadae – M. pozoi – M. princeps – M. priscillana – M. proboscoidea – M. prodigiosa – M. prolixa – M. prosartema – M. pteroglossa – M. pulcherrima – M. pumila – M. purpurella – M. purpurina – M. pyknosepala – M. pyxis
q

M. quasimodo
r

M. racemosa – M. rafaeliana – M. rana-aurea – M. receptrix – M. recurvata – M. regina – M. reichenbachiana – M. renzii – M. repanda – M. replicata – M. revoluta – M. rex – M. rhinophora – M. rhodehameliana – M. richardsoniana – M. ricii – M. rigens – M. rimarima-alba – M. robineae – M. robusta – M. rodolfoi – M. roessigeriana – M. rojohnii – M. rolandorum – M. rolfeana – M. rosacea – M. rosea – M. roseogena – M. roseola – M. rostriflora – M. royi – M. rubeola – M. rubiginosa – M. rufescens – M. rugosilabia – M. rugulosa – M. ruizii – M. ruthiana
s

M. saltatrix – M. sanchezii – M. sanctae-fidei – M. sanctae-inesae – M. sanctae-rosae – M. sanguinea – M. scalpellifera – M. scandens – M. scapha – M. sceptrum – M. schildhaueri – M. schizantha – M. schizopetala – M. schizostigma – M. schlimii – M. schmidt-mummii – M. schoonenii – M. schroederae – M. schroederiana – M. schudelii – M. scitula – M. scobina – M. scopaea – M. segrex – M. segurae – M. selenites – M. semiteres – M. sentinella – M. serendipita – M. sernae – M. sertula – M. setacea – M. setipes – M. shiraishii – M. silvanoi – M. singeri – M. siphonantha – M. smallmaniana – M. soennemarkii – M. solomonii – M. sotoana – M. speciosa – M. spilantha – M. sprucei – M. staaliana – M. stenorhynchos – M. stigii – M. stirpis – M. strattoniana – M. striatella – M. strigosa – M. strobelii – M. strumifera – M. strumosa – M. stumpflei – M. suinii – M. sulphurella – M. sumapazensis – M. superbiens – M. sururuana – M. synthesis
t

M. tatianae – M. teaguei – M. telloi – M. tentaculata – M. terborchii – M. theleura – M. thienii – M. tinekeae – M. titan – M. tokachiorum – M. tonduzii – M. tonii – M. tonsijmii – M. torta – M. tovarensis – M. trautmanniana – M. trechsliniana – M. triangularis – M. tricallosa – M. tricycla – M. tridens – M. trifurcata – M. trigonopetala – M. trochilus – M. truncata – M. tsubotae – M. tubata – M. tubuliflora – M. tubulosa – M. tuerckheimii
u

M. uncifera – M. unguentum – M. uniflora – M. urceolaris – M. ustulata – M. utriculata – M. utriculata
v

M. valenciae – M. vargasii – M. vasquezii – M. veitchiana – M. velella – M. velifera – M. velox – M. venatoria – M. venezuelana – M. ventricosa – M. ventricularia – M. venus – M. venusta – M. verecunda – M. vexillifera – M. vidua – M. vieirana – M. vierlingii – M. vilcabambensis – M. villegasii – M. virens – M. virgo-cuencae – M. virgo-rosea – M. vittatula – M. vomeris
w

M. wageneriana – M. walteri – M. wamachukorum – M. weberbaueri – M. welischii – M. wendlandiana – M. wetzelii – M. whiteana – M. wuelfinghoffiana – M. wuellneri – M. wuerstlei – M. wurdackii
x

M. xanthina – M. xanthodactyla – M. ximenae – M. xiphium – M. xylina
y

M. yungasensis
z

M. zahlbruckneri – M. zamorensis – M. zapatae – M. zebracea – M. zongoensis – M. zumbae – M. zumbuehlerae –

M. zygia
Nothospecies: (8)

M. × alvaroi – M. × kareliae – M. × ligiae – M. × mystica – M. × senghasiana – M. × splendida – M. × strumella – M. × wubbenii
Name

Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. Prodr.: 122 (1794)

Type species: Masdevallia uniflora Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil.: 238 (1798)

Synonymy

Heterotypic
Rodrigoa Braas, Die Orchidee (Hamburg) 30: 203 (1979)
Portillia Königer, Arcula 6: 154 (1996)
Jostia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 2 (2000)
Acinopetala Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 3 (2006)
Alaticaulia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 4 (2006)
Buccella Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 7 (2006)
Byrsella Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 7 (2006)
Fissia (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 9 (2006)
Luzama Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 10 (2006)
Megema Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 11 (2006)
Petalodon Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 11 (2006)
Regalia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 12 (2006)
Reichantha Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 13 (2006)
Spectaculum Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 14 (2006)
Spilotantha Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 15 (2006)
Streptoura Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 16 (2006)
Triotosiphon Schltr. ex Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 16 (2006)
Zahleria Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105: 17 (2006)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Northern America
Mexico
Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest.
Southern America
Brazil
Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast.
Central America
Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá.
Northern South America
French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
Western South America
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) 2006. Genera Orchidacearum Volume 4 Epidendroideae (Part one); page 367 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850712-7. Reference page.
Ruiz Lopez, H. & Pavón, J.A. 1794. Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 122, pl. 27.

Additional references

Abele, A.D. 2008. Phylogeny of the Genus Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav. (Orchidaceae) based on morphological and molecular Data. (PDF)
Dodson, C.H. & Luer, C.A. 2009. Orchidaceae Masdevallia and affiliates. Flora of Ecuador 225(9): 1–395. Botanical Institute, University of Göteborg, Riksmuseum, Stockholm.
Luer, C.A. & Königer, W. 1983–1998. Thesaurus Masdevalliarum. A Monograph of the Genus Masdevallia. 5 volumes, München, Helga Königer- Verlag
Woolward, F.H. 1896. The Genus Masdevallia, London; R.H. Porter, Lyne & Son. (87 plates)
Zelenko, H. 2014. Orchids: Masdevallia with its segregates including Dracula, ZA I Publications, Quito ISBN 0-9661344-4-3

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Masdevallia in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 June 12. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Masdevallia in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 June 12. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Masdevallia. Published online. Accessed: 12 June 2019.
The Plant List 2013. Masdevallia in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2019 June 12.
Tropicos.org 2019. Masdevallia. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 12 June 2019.

Vernacular names

български: Масдевалия
English: Masdevallia
日本語: マスデバリア
перем коми: Масдеваллия
коми: Масдеваллия
lietuvių: Masdevalija
кырык мары: Масдевалли
português: Masdevália
русский: Масдеваллия
удмурт: Масдеваллия

Masdevallia, abbreviated Masd in horticultural trade, is a large genus of flowering plants of the Pleurothallidinae, a subtribe of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). There are over 500 species, grouped into several subgenera. The genus is named for Jose Masdevall (?-1801), a physician and botanist in the court of Charles III of Spain.

Range and morphology

These plants are found from Mexico to southern Brazil, but mostly in the higher regions (2,500-4,000 m ASL) of the Andes of Ecuador and Colombia, Peru and Bolivia.[1] They may be epiphytes, terrestrials or growing as lithophytes on damp rocks.

The plants are characterized by an abbreviated to elongate and creeping rhizome that gives rise to stems that lack pseudobulbs. The stem bears a single, fleshy, erect to pendent, ovate to lanceolate leaf. The flowers are triangular and occur singly or in racemose inflorescences. They are characterized by a showy calyx and reduced corolla. The sepals are fused at the base and frequently caudate. The petals flank the semiterete column and the tongue-shaped lip is flexibly hinged to a free column foot.
Cultivation

The species are sensitive to inappropriate cultural conditions and will show signs of stress by leaf spotting or dropping. They can generally be grown in pots with sphagnum or seedling grade wood chips although a few species produce descending inflorescences and are best accommodated in baskets.[2] In both cases the rhizome should remain at the surface of the medium in order to prevent rot.

Most of these plants are from high altitude cloud forests and require very cool conditions and abundant moisture throughout the year. They cannot tolerate dryness, low humidity, or excessive temperatures and the plants are very easy to kill. They will simply drop all their leaves and suddenly collapse if allowed to dry completely or are exposed to high temperatures. Many members of this genus from very high altitude cloud forests defy cultivation. Most of the species from this genus are considered less difficult in cultivation than plants from the genus Dracula, and some of them are very easy to cultivate and have a 'weedy' habit such as Veitch's masdevallia, but the majority of these species are usually very difficult to maintain in cultivation unless the plants can be kept cool and moist all the time.

Low humidity conditions or watering the plants with a water source which contains high levels of dissolved salts will result in the leaves yellowing and rapidly dying from the tips back to the rhizome. The plants should be provided with rain water or distilled water or a very pure water source. The medium should always remain moist as the plants do not have any significant storage structures like most orchids.
Selected species
Main article: List of Masdevallia species

Masdevallia antonii
Masdevallia davisii – Davis' masdevallia, orchid of the sun, qoriwaqanki (Quechua)
Masdevallia pinocchio
Masdevallia unguentum
Masdevallia veitchiana – Veitch's masdevallia, king of the masdevallias, gallo-gallo (Spanish), waqanki (Quechua)

Taxonomy

Masdevallia was found to be polyphyletic [3] and the taxonomy of the group is unresolved but the currently accepted taxonomy proceeds as follows:[4]
Subgenera
Veitch's masdevallia, Masdevallia (Masdevallia) veitichiana, is in section Masdevallia, subsection Coccineae

Subgenus Amanda (≡Spilotantha)
Section Amandae: 28+ species, e.g. M. amanda, M. bulbophyllopsis, M. melanopus, M. polysticta. Separated in Spilotantha.
Section Ophioglossae: 1-2 species – M. ophioglossa, M. ophioglossa ssp. grossa
Subgenus Cucullatia: (≡Megema)4 species – M. cerastes, M. corniculata, M. cucullata, M. macrura
Subgenus Fissia: (≡Fissia) 3 species – M. mutica, M. picturata, M. pleurothalloides
Subgenus Masdevallia
Section Amaluzae: (≡Luzama) 6 species, e.g. M. amaluzae, M. carmenensis, M. patula
Section Aphanes: (≡Pteroon) 3 species – M. aphanes, M. capillaris, M. scopaea
Section Coriaceae :
Subsection Coriaceae: (≡Byrsella) ~35 species, e.g. M. angulata, M. caesia, M. civilis, M. elephanticeps, M. foetens, M. fractiflexa
Subsection Durae: (≡Regalia) 4 species – M. ayabacana, M. dura, M. panguiensis, M. utriculata
Section Ligiae: Monotypic – M. ligiae
Section Masdevallia:
Subsection Caudatae: ~28 species, e.g. M. bottae, M. caudata, M. decumana, M. lychniphora, M. triangularis, M. xanthina
Subsection Coccineae: 12 species, e.g. M. amabilis, M. barlaeana, M. coccinea, M. ignea, M. veitchiana
Subsection Masdevallia: ~58 species, e.g. M. agaster, M. calocodon, M. mejiana, M. pumila, M. uniflora
Subsection Oscillantes: ~11 species, e.g. M. andreettana, M. wageneriana (including M. pteroglossa)
Subsection Saltatrices: 14 species, e.g. M. angulifera, M. constricta, M. limax, M. saltatrix, M. urosalpinx, M. ventricularia
Subsection Tubulosae: 7 species, e.g. M. bangii, M. irapana, M. tubulosa
Section Mentosae: Monotypic – M. mentosa
Section Minutae: ~21 species, e.g. M. floribunda, M. herradurae, M. minuta, M. nicaraguae, M. wendlandiana
Section Racemosae: (≡Spectaculum) Monotypic – M. racemosa
Section Reichenbachianae:
Subsection Dentatae : (≡Petalodon) 2 species – M. collina, M. macrogenia
Subsection Reichenbachianae: (≡Reichantha) ~11 species, e.g. M. rolfeana, M. schroderiana, M. striatella
Subgenus Meleagris: (≡Rodrigoa) 7 species, e.g. M. anisomorpha, M. heteroptera, M. meleagris
Subgenus Nidifica: (≡Buccella) 4-5 species: e.g. M. dynastes, M. nidifica (including M. ventricosa)
Subgenus Polyantha (≡Alaticaulia)
Section Alaticaules: 97 species, e.g. M. bicolor, M. infracta, M. scobina, M. stenorrhynchos, M. tovarensis, M. vargasii, M. weberbaueri
Section Polyanthae: 7 species, e.g. M. discoidea, M. lata, M. polyantha, M. schlimii
Subgenus Scabripes (≡Portilla)
Subgenus Volvula (≡Streptoura)

Masdevallia (Masdevallia) sect. Coriaceae subsect. Coriaceae:
Masdevallia civilis

Masdevallia (Masdevallia) sect. Masdevallia subsect. Caudatae:
Masdevallia triangularis

Masdevallia (Masdevallia) sect. Masdevallia subsect. Oscillantes:
Masdevallia wageneriana var. pteroglossa

Masdevallia (Masdevallia) sect. Masdevallia subsect. Saltatrices:
Masdevallia angulifera

Masdevallia (Masdevallia) sect. Minutae:
Masdevallia floribunda

Masdevallia (Masdevallia) sect. Minutae:
Masdevallia wendlandiana

Masdevallia (Nidifica):
Masdevallia nidifica

Masdevallia (Polyantha) sect. Alaticaules:
Masdevallia bicolor

Footnotes

Gerritsen, Mary E. & Parsons, Ron (2005): Masdevallias, Gems of the Orchid World. Timber Press.
Luer, Carlyle A.: Icones Pleurothallidinarum, Systematics of Masdevallia (multiple volumes). Missouri Botanical Garden Press. (1984–2003)
Pridgeon, A.M., Solano, R., & Chase, M.W. (2001): Phylogenetic relationships in Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): combined evidence from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 88: 2286-2308.

References

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Illustrated Encyclopedia of Orchids ISBN 0-88192-267-6
Pridgeon et al. (2001)
The Plant List(2010)