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Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Malpighiales

Familia: Phyllanthaceae
Subfamilia: Antidesmatoideae – Phyllanthoideae

Tribus: Antidesmateae – Bischofieae – Bridelieae – Jablonskieae – Phyllantheae – Poranthereae – Scepeae – Spondiantheae – Uapaceae – Wielandieae

Genera: ActephilaAmanoaAndrachneAntidesmaApodiscusAporosaAshtoniaAstrocasiaBaccaureaBischofiaBreyniaBrideliaCelianellaChascothecaChonocentrumChorisandrachneCleistanthusCroizatiaDicoeliaDidymocistusDiscocarpusDistichirhopsFlueggeaGlochidionGonatogyneHeterosaviaHeywoodiaHyeronimaHymenocardiaJablonskiaKeayodendron – Lachnostylis – Leptonema – Leptopus – Lingelsheimia – Maesobotrya – Margaritaria – Martretia – Meineckia – Nothobaccaurea – Notoleptopus – Oreoporanthera – Pentabrachion – Phyllanthopsis – Phyllanthus – Plagiocladus – Poranthera – Protomegabaria – Pseudolachnostylis – Pseudophyllanthus – Richeria – Sauropus – Savia – Securinega – Spondianthus – Synostemon – Tacarcuna – Thecacoris – Uapaca – Wielandia

Name

Phyllanthaceae Martynov, Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 369. (1820) nom. cons.

Type genus: Phyllanthus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 981. (1753)

References

Martinov, I.I. 1820. Техно-ботаническiй словарь, на латинскомъ и россiйскомъ языкахъ, составленный […]. [Techno-Botanical Dictionary, in Latin and Russian, compiled by [...]]. i-vi, 682 p. St.-Petersburg: v tipografii Imperatorskoj Rossijskoj Akademii [Nauk] (Russian) DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.96260 Reference page.
Reveal, J.L. & Hoffmann, P. & Doweld, A.B. & Murdock, A.G. 2007. (1765) Proposal to conserve the name Phyllanthaceae. Taxon 56(1): 266. DOI: 10.2307/25065770 JSTOR Reference page.
Hoffmann, P., Kathriarachchi, H. & Wurdack, K.J. 2006. A phylogenetic classification of Phyllanthaceae (Malpighiales; Euphorbiaceae sensu lato). Kew Bulletin 61(1): 37–53. JSTOR ResearchGate Reference page.
Katriarachchi, H., Hoffmann, P., Samuel, R., Wurdack, K.J. & Chase, M.W. 2004. Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae: evidence from plastid atpB, matK, ndhF, rbcL and single-copy nuclear PHYC sequences. Botany 2004, annual meeting of Botanical Society of America, Snowbird, Utah, USA. Abstract
Govaerts, R. et al. 2014. Phyllanthaceae in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2014 Dec. 8. Reference page.
Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Online. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2014. Phyllanthaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 8 Dec. 2014.
International Plant Names Index. 2015. Phyllanthaceae. Published online. Accessed: Mar. 3 2015.

Vernacular names
中文: 叶下珠科

Phyllanthaceae is a family of flowering plants in the eudicot order Malpighiales. It is most closely related to the family Picrodendraceae.[2]

The Phyllanthaceae are most numerous in the tropics, with many in the south temperate zone, and a few ranging as far north as the middle of the north temperate zone.[3]

Some species of Andrachne, Antidesma, Margaritaria, and Phyllanthus are in cultivation.[4] A few species of Antidesma, Baccaurea, Phyllanthus, and Uapaca bear edible fruit.[3]

Phyllanthaceae comprises about 2000 species.[5][6] Depending on the author, these are grouped into 54 to 60 genera. Some of the genera are poorly defined, and the number of genera in the family is likely to change as the classification is further refined. The genus Phyllanthus, one of the largest genera of flowering plants, with over 1200 species, has more than half of the species in the family.[7]

Some of the genera have recently been sunk into others, while other genera have recently been divided.[8][9] The largest genera and the approximate number of species in each are: Phyllanthus (1270), Cleistanthus (140), Antidesma (100), Aporosa (90), Uapaca (60), Baccaurea (50), and Bridelia (50).[10]

Since Phyllanthaceae was revised in 2006, one paper has removed Heterosavia from Savia.[11] Another has separated Notoleptopus from Leptopus, and segregated Pseudophyllanthus and Phyllanthopsis from Andrachne. Also, Oreoporanthera has been subsumed into Poranthera, while Zimmermannia and Zimmermanniopsis have been sunk into Meineckia.[12] The large genus Cleistanthus is known to be polyphyletic, but further studies will be needed before it can be revised.[5]

Description

The description here is from Hoffmann,[3][13] except for a few additions from Webster[14] and Hutchinson [15] where cited. Phyllanthaceae is an unusually diverse family for its moderate size. It can be recognized only by a combination of characters because there are a few exceptions to almost everything that is generally true of the family. It is most notable for having two ovules in each locule of the ovary, a trait that clearly distinguishes it from Euphorbiaceae.

The Phyllanthaceae are nearly all trees, shrubs, or herbs. A few are climbers, or succulents, and one species, Phyllanthus fluitans, is aquatic. Unlike many of the Euphorbiaceae, none has latex, and only a very few produce a resinous exudate. Any hairs, if present, are almost always simple. Rarely are they branched or scale-like. Thorns and other armament are rare.

Stipules are produced with each leaf, but in some, these fall before the leaf is fully mature. Leaves are present, except for a few species of Phyllanthus that have flattened, leaflike stems called cladodes that bear flowers along their edges. The leaves are compound in Bischofia, but otherwise simple and usually alternate. Rarely are they opposite, in fascicles, or in whorls around the stem. The leaf margin is almost always entire, rarely toothed. A petiole is nearly always present, often with a pulvinus at its base.

The inflorescences are usually in the axils of leaves, rarely below the leaves or at the ends of stems. In Uapaca, the flowers are in a pseudanthium, a tight bundle of flowers that resembles a single flower.

Except for four species of Aporosa, the flowers are unisexual, the plants being either monoecious or dioecious. The flowers are actinomorphic in form. Detailed illustrations have been published for some of these.[12]

The sepals are three to eight in number, usually free from each other. Petals may be absent or present. If present, there are usually four to six, and their color is yellow to green, or rarely, pink or maroon.

A nectary disk is often present. It may be in the form of a ring, or divided into segments. The stamens are three to ten in number, or rarely more, free or variously fused.

The ovary is superior. The number of locules in the ovary is highly variable, usually from two to five, but sometimes as many as fifteen. The placentation is apical, with a pair of ovules hanging by their funicles from the top of each locule.[15] Often, only one of the ovules will develop into a seed. A single, massive obturator may cover the micropyles of both ovules, or each ovule may have its own thin obturator. The megagametophyte is of the Polygonum type.[14] The style is usually 2-lobed or bifid, sometimes entire, or rarely multifid.

The fruit is a schizocarp, drupe, or berry. In some, the schizocarp breaks up explosively.
Taxonomy
History

The name "Phyllanthaceae" was first validly published by Ivan Ivanovich Martynov in 1820 in a Russian book entitled Tekhno-botanico Slovar. A proposal to conserve this name was published in 2007.[16]

Martynov's name was rarely used in the 180 years after he published it. During that time, the plants that are now in Phyllanthaceae were placed in the large and heterogeneous family Euphorbiaceae. The monophyly of Euphorbiaceae had long been held in doubt by some, but the first strong evidence of its polyphyly came in 1993 with the first maximum parsimony analysis of DNA sequences of the gene rbcL from a large number of seed plants.[17] Since the 1993 study, all subsequent phylogenetic analyses have shown that the old concept of Euphorbiaceae consisted of several lineages that did not together form a clade in the order Malpighiales. Euphorbiaceae is now defined as a much smaller family than it had been in the twentieth century.[18][19] Pandaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Picrodendraceae, Putranjivaceae, Peraceae, and Centroplacaceae have been removed from it.[10]

The obsolete, older concept of Euphorbiaceae, known as Euphorbiaceae sensu lato, is sometimes still used for continuity and convenience.[20] It was the subject of a book and two papers which stood as the standard works on Phyllanthaceae until that family was revised by Hoffmann and co-authors in 2006.[14][21][22]
Classification
Main article: List of Phyllanthaceae genera
Flueggea virosa
Baccaurea brevipes
Leaves of Phyllanthus (Breynia) disticha
Securinega suffruticosa
Richeria grandis
Cleistanthus collinus
Phyllanthus acidus plant with fruit

In the past, the genera Centroplacus, Paradrypetes, and Phyllanoa had been placed in Phyllanthaceae, but these are now excluded from the family. Centroplacus is now in the family Centroplacaceae.[10] Paradrypetes is in Rhizophoraceae.[2] Phyllanoa is known only from a single specimen. In 1996, this was examined and found to be a species of Rinorea (Violaceae).[23]

The family Phyllanthaceae is divided into two subfamilies: Antidesmatoideae and Phyllanthoideae. Antidesmatoideae is divided into six tribes and Phyllanthoideae is divided into four. The tribe Antidesmateae of Antidesmatoideae, and the tribes Bridelieae and Wielandieae of Phyllanthoideae are further divided into subtribes. The following classification table is from the 2006 revision of Phyllanthaceae.

Incertae sedis: Chonocentrum

Subfamily Antidesmatoideae 6 tribes

Tribe Bischofieae 1 genus

Bischofia

Tribe Uapaceae 1 genus

Uapaca

Tribe Spondiantheae 1 genus

Spondianthus

Tribe Scepeae 8 genera

Aporosa
Ashtonia
Baccaurea
Distichirhops
Maesobotrya
Nothobaccaurea
Protomegabaria
Richeria

Tribe Jablonskieae 2 genera

Jablonskia
Celianella

Tribe Antidesmateae 5 subtribes

Subtribe Hieronyminae 1 genus

Hieronyma

Subtribe Leptonematinae 1 genus

Leptonema

Subtribe Martretiinae 2 genera

Martretia
Apodiscus

Subtribe Hymenocardiinae 2 genera

Hymenocardia
Didymocistus

Subtribe Antidesmatinae 2 genera

Antidesma
Thecacoris

Subfamily Phyllanthoideae 4 tribes

Tribe Bridelieae 5 subtribes

Subtribe Securineginae 2 genera

Securinega
Lachnostylis

Subtribe Saviinae 5 genera

Savia
Croizatia
Discocarpus
Gonatogyne
Tacarcuna

Subtribe Pseudolachnostylidinae 4 genera

Pseudolachnostylis
Bridelia
Cleistanthus
Pentabrachion

Subtribe Keayodendrinae 1 genus

Keayodendron

Subtribe Amanoinae 1 genus

Amanoa

Tribe Phyllantheae 5 genera

Phyllanthus (including Breynia, Glochidion, Reverchonia, and Sauropus)
Flueggea
Lingelsheimia
Margaritaria
Plagiocladus

Tribe Wielandieae 2 subtribes

Subtribe Astrocasiinae 3 genera

Astrocasia
Chascotheca
Heywoodia

Subtribe Wielandiinae 3 genera

Wielandia
Chorisandrachne
Dicoelia

Tribe Poranthereae 8 genera

Poranthera
Actephila
Andrachne
Leptopus
Meineckia
Oreoporanthera
Zimmermannia
Zimmermanniopsis

Genera

The list of 54 genera below is from the 2006 revision of Phyllanthaceae by Petra Hoffmann and co-workers.[13] In their treatment, Blotia and Petalodiscus were sunk into Wielandia and Richeriella into Flueggea. Breynia, Glochidion, Reverchonia, and Sauropus were recommended to be subsumed into Phyllanthus, but many new species combinations must be published to effect this change. Genera previously considered as the tribe Drypeteae are now placed in the separate family Putranjivaceae.

Actephila
Amanoa
Andrachne
Antidesma
Apodiscus
Aporosa
Ashtonia
Astrocasia
Baccaurea
Bischofia
Bridelia

Celianella
Chascotheca
Chonocentrum
Chorisandrachne
Cleistanthus
Croizatia
Dicoelia
Didymocistus
Discocarpus
Distichirhops
Flueggea

Gonatogyne
Heywoodia
Hieronyma
Hymenocardia
Jablonskia
Keayodendron
Lachnostylis
Leptonema
Leptopus
Lingelsheimia
Maesobotrya

Margaritaria
Martretia
Meineckia
Nothobaccaurea
Oreoporanthera
Pentabrachion
Phyllanthus
Plagiocladus
Poranthera
Protomegabaria
Pseudolachnostylis

Richeria
Savia
Securinega
Spondianthus
Tacarcuna
Thecacoris
Uapaca
Wielandia
Zimmermannia
Zimmermanniopsis

Phylogeny

The revision of Phyllanthaceae by Hoffmann and co-authors was based on two molecular phylogenetic studies that were published in 2005.[5][6] Since the revision, phylogenetic studies have been done on some of the tribes.[7][24]

The phylogenetic tree shown below is based on the results of several studies.[7][11][12][13] Fifty-one genera are represented. Chonocentrum(Phyllanthaceae, incertae sedis), and three members of the tribe Scepeae (Ashtonia, Distichirrhops, and Nothobaccaurea) have not yet been sampled for DNA. Chonocentrum is known from only a single specimen collected in the 1850s.[23]

In the phylogeny shown below, statistical support for the clades was measured by bootstrap percentage. All branches shown below have maximum parsimony bootstrap support of at least 70%.

Antidesmatoideae 
Bischofieae  

Bischofia

Uapaceae 

Uapaca

Spondiantheae  

Spondianthus

Scepeae 

Protomagabaria

Richeria

Aporosa

Maesobotrya

Baccaurea

Jablonskieae 

Jablonskia

Celianella

Antidesmateae 

Hieronyma

Leptonema

Martretia

Apodiscus

Hymenocardia

Didymocistus

Thecacoris

Antidesma

Phyllanthoideae 
Bridelieae 

Securinega

Lachnostylis

Gonatogyne

Savia

Tacarcuna

Discocarpus

Croizatia

Cleistanthus

Pseudolachnostylis

Pentabrachion

Bridelia

Keayodendron

Amanoa

Phyllantheae  

Plagiocladus

Margaritaria

Lingelsheimia

Heterosavia

Flueggea

Phyllanthus

Wielandieae 

Heywoodia

Chascotheca

Astrocasia

Wielandia

Dicoelia

Chorisandrachne

Poranthereae 

Andrachne

Meineckia

Notoleptopus

Pseudophyllanthus

Poranthera

Phyllanthopsis

Actephila

Leptopus




References

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
Kenneth J. Wurdack and Charles C. Davis. 2009. "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life." American Journal of Botany 96(8):1551-1570. (see External links below)
Petra Hoffman. 2007. "Phyllanthaceae" pages 250-252. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
Anthony J. Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (editors). 1992. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press Limited, London; The Stockton Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set)
Hashendra S. Kathriarachchi; Petra Hoffmann; Rosabelle Samuel; Kenneth J. Wurdack & Mark W. Chase (2005). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae inferred from five genes (plastid atpB, matK, 3'ndhF, rbcL, and nuclear PHYC)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (1): 112–134. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.002. PMID 15904861.
Samuel, Rosabelle; Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Hoffmann, Petra; Barfuss, Michael H.J.; Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Davis, Charles C.; Chase, Mark W. (2005). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae: evidence from plastid matK and nuclear PHYC sequences" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 92 (1): 132–141. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.1.132. PMID 21652393.
Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Samuel, Rosabelle; Hoffmann, Petra; Mlinarec, Jelena; Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Ralimanana, Hélène; Stuessy, Tod F.; Chase, Mark W. (2006). "Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 93 (4): 637–655. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.4.637. PMID 21646224.
Hoffmann, Petra; McPherson, Gordon (2007). "Revision of Wielandia, including Blotia and Petalodiscus (Phyllanthaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 94 (3): 519–553. doi:10.3417/0026-6493(2007)94[519:ROWIBA]2.0.CO;2.
Kanchana Pruesapan, Ian R.H. Telford, Jeremy J. Bruhl, Stefano G.A. Draisma, and Peter C. Van Welzen. 2008. "Delimitation of Sauropus (Phyllanthaceae) Based on Plastid matK and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS DNA Sequence Data." Annals of Botany 102(6):1007-1018. (see External links below)
"Phyllanthaceae" In: Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see external links below)
Hoffmann, Petra (2008). "Revision of Heterosavia, status novus, with notes on Gonatogyne and Savia (Phyllanthaceae)". Brittonia. 60 (2): 136–166. doi:10.1007/s12228-008-9012-5. S2CID 34814559.
Vorontsova, Maria S.; Hoffmann, Petra (2008). "A phylogenetic classification of tribe Poranthereae (Phyllanthaceae)". Kew Bulletin. 63 (1): 41–59. doi:10.1007/s12225-007-9012-8. S2CID 21278789.
Hoffmann, Petra; Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Wurdack, Kenneth J. (2006). "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae". Kew Bulletin. 61 (1): 37–53.
Webster, Grady L. (1994). "Classification of the Euphorbiaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 81 (1): 3–32. doi:10.2307/2399908. JSTOR 2399908.
John Hutchinson. "Euphorbiaceae" pages 329-330. In: The Families of Flowering Plants, Third Edition (1973). Oxford University Press: London.
Reveal, James L.; Hoffmann, Petra; Doweld, Alexander; Wurdack, Kenneth J. (2007). "(1765) Proposal to conserve the name Phyllanthaceae.". Taxon. 56 (1): 266.
Mark W. Chase et alii (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(3):528-580.
Toru Tokuoka. 2007. "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and ovule and seed character evolution." Journal of Plant Research 120(4):511-522. (see External links below).
Charles C. Davis, Maribeth Latvis, Daniel L. Nickrent, Kenneth J. Wurdack, and David A. Baum. 2007. "Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae." Science 315(5820):1812. (see External links below).
Petra Hoffmann, Don Kirkup, Aimee Galster, Gill Challen, and Alan Radcliffe-Smith. 2005 onward. Interactive Key to the Genera of Euphorbiaceae sensu lato. In: Index of /herbarium/keys. (see External links below).
Alan Radcliffe-Smith. 2001. Genera Euphorbiacearum. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England.
Webster, Grady L. (1994). "Synopsis of the genera and suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 81 (1): 33–144. doi:10.2307/2399909. JSTOR 2399909.
W. John Hayden & Sheila M. Hayden (1996). "Two enigmatic biovulate Euphorbiaceae from the Neotropics: relationships of Chonocentron and the identity of Phyllanoa". American Journal of Botany. 83 (6): 162. doi:10.2307/2445447. JSTOR 2445447.

Vorontsova, Maria S.; Hoffmann, Petra; Maurin, Olivier; Chase, Mark W. (2007). "Phylogenetics of tribe Poranthereae (Phyllanthaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 94 (12): 2026–2040. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.12.2026. PMID 21636396.

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phyllanthaceae.

Wurdack, KJ; Davis, CC (August 2009). "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life". Am. J. Bot. 96 (8): 1551–70. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800207. PMID 21628300.
Kathriarachchi, H; Hoffmann, P; Samuel, R; Wurdack, KJ; Chase, MW (July 2005). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae inferred from five genes (plastid atpB, matK, 3'ndhF, rbcL, and nuclear PHYC)". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 36 (1): 112–34. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.002. PMID 15904861.
Pruesapan, K. (2008). "Delimitation of Sauropus (Phyllanthaceae) Based on Plastid matK and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS DNA Sequence Data". Annals of Botany. 102 (6): 1007–1018. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn193. PMC 2712409. PMID 18854375.
Phyllanthaceae At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website
Tokuoka, T (July 2007). "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and ovule and seed character evolution". J. Plant Res. 120 (4): 511–22. doi:10.1007/s10265-007-0090-3. PMID 17530165. S2CID 19614584.
Davis, C. C. (2007). "Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae". Science. 315 (5820): 1812. Bibcode:2007Sci...315.1812D. doi:10.1126/science.1135260. PMID 17218493. S2CID 27620205.
Key to Euphorbiaceae sensu lato At: Index of /herbarium/keys

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