Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Tracheophyta
Divisio: Pinophyta
Classis: Pinopsida
Ordo: Pinales
Familia: Pinaceae
Genus: Abies
Sectio: A. sect. Grandis
Species: Abies guatemalensis
Name
Abies guatemalensis Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 185 (1939).
Synonyms
Heterotypic
Abies guatemalensis var. ixtepejiensis Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 7: 19 (2000).
Abies guatemalensis subsp. ixtepejiensis (Silba) Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15: 41 (2008).
Abies guatemalensis var. longibracteata Debreczy & I.Rácz, Phytologia 78: 227 (1995).
Abies guatemalensis subsp. longibracteata (Debreczy & I.Rácz) Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15: 41 (2008).
Abies guatemalensis var. rushforthii Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 7: 19 (2000).
Abies guatemalensis subsp. rushforthii (Silba) Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15: 41 (2008).
Abies guatemalensis var. tamaulipasensis Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 5: 45 (1998) [1998 publ. 1997].
Abies guatemalensis subsp. tamaulipasensis (Silba) Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15: 41 (2008).
Abies tacanensis Lundell, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 23: 175 (1940).
Abies guatemalensis var. tacanensis (Lundell) Martínez, Pinac. Mexic. 3: 129 (1963).
Abies zapotekensis Debreczy, I.Rácz & G.Ramirez, Phytologia 78: 225 (1995).
Abies guatemalensis subsp. zapotekensis (Debreczy, I.Rácz & G.Ramirez) Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15: 41 (2008).
Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Continental: Northern America
Regional: Mexico
Mexico Central (México State, Morelos, Puebla), Mexico Gulf (Veracruz), Mexico Northeast (Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas), Mexico Southeast (Campeche, Chiapas, Yucatán), Mexico Southwest (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Oaxaca).
Continental: Southern America
Regional: Central America
El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras.
References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references
Rehder, A. 1939. The firs of Mexico and Guatemala. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 20(3): 281–287. JSTOR BHL (p. 281 is missing) Reference page. !283, !fig. 1: J-M.
Additional references
Govaerts, R. et al. 2023. Abies guatemalensis in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2023 March 19. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2023. Abies guatemalensis. Published online. Accessed: March 19 2023.
Hassler, M. 2023. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Abies guatemalensis. Accessed: 19 March 2023.
Hassler, M. 2023. Abies guatemalensis. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2023. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2023 March 19. Reference page.
Vernacular names
العربية: شوح غواتيمالي
български: Гватемалска ела
Deutsch: Guatemala-Tanne
English: Guatemalan Fir
español: Oyamel de Guatemala
فارسی: نراد گواتمالایی
suomi: Guatemalanpihta
íslenska: Gvatemalaþinur
перем коми: Гватемалаись ньыв
русский: Пихта гватемальская
удмурт: Гватемалаысь ньылпу
українська: Ялиця гватемальська
中文: 危地馬拉冷杉
Abies guatemalensis, the Guatemalan fir or pinabete, is an evergreen tree native to Central America and is the southernmost member of the genus Abies being spread to the south lower than 14° N.[3] Its range is from southern (less from western and central) Mexico in the north to Honduras and El Salvador in the south. It is a warm-loving and moisture-loving tree of the tropical mountain coniferous and mixed cloud forests of these countries. The Guatemalan fir is an almost completely non-frost-resistant tree. Due to logging and loss of habitat, the tree is considered threatened and is protected in CITES Appendix I.
Description
A. guatemalensis is a conical tree growing 20 to 35 meters tall and 60 to 90 cm in girth. The branches grow largely horizontally. The bark is a blackish-brown and is divided into plates. The branchlets are reddish-brown to deep blackish-red and pubescent. The buds are globular-ovoid, resinous, and roughly 5 mm in length. The leaves are somewhat comb-like or nearly pectinate in arrangement. They are unequal and deep green above and waxy in texture underneath. They measure 1.5 to 5.5 cm long by 1.2 to 2 mm wide. Stomata are usually absent above, but appear in 8 to 10 lines below. They contain two marginal resin canals and the apex of the leaf is notched and emarginate. The female cones are oblong-cylindric and the apex is pointed to somewhat flattened. They are yellowish-brown in colour with a violet bloom and measure 8 to 11.5 cm long by 4 to 4.5 cm wide. The scales are oblong, or broader than long. The bracts are hidden, about one half the height of the scale and are cuneate-obovoid in shape. The seeds are a light brown nut to 9 mm in length with a wing to 1.5 cm long" [4]
Taxonomy
There are two recognised varieties of A. guatemalensis, namely:
A. g. var. guatemalensis, which is the type variety and is present over the majority of the range. It is present in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and the Mexican states of Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Tamaulipas.[5]
A. g. var. jaliscana is present only in the northern part of the distribution, namely in the Mexican states of Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit and possibly Sinaloa.[3]
Ecology
A. guatemalensis is listed as endangered by the IUCN due to timber exploitation and loss of habitat.[1] It characteristically grows in deep fertile soils, which are desirable for agriculture by local inhabitants (especially for coffea plantations). It was reported as being a common tree up until the 1940s. Large populations may still remain in Honduras, but data is currently deficient. Some evidence suggests that the areas of each remaining stands in Guatemala (except for the forest of Los Altos de San Miguel Totonicapán) are usually no larger than 3 square kilometers.[1] Furthermore, the cone crops are irregular and germination is typically poor.[1] Among the remaining populations, the forest of Los Altos de San Miguel Totonicapán in Guatemala is said to harbour the largest and best-conserved stands by area of 52,000-acres (26,060 hectares), though these are also threatened by illegal logging.[3] As a result of its status, it has become illegal to harvest in some countries where it is native and it is listed in CITES Appendix I, which prohibits commercial international trade in wild-sourced specimens (including parts and derivatives).[2] The Central American And Mexico Coniferous Resources Cooperative (CAMCORE) has also begun programmes to protect the tree in the wild.[1]
In Mexico, A. guatemalensis is found on the Pacific slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur and the southern Sierra Madre Occidental, in the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacan, Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, and Zacatecas. Typical habitat is on volcanic soils between 1800 and 3700 meters elevation, in areas of cool, moist climate with oceanic influence.[6]
References
"Abies guatemalensis (Guatemalan Fir)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T46186032A2795168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46186032A2795168.en.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
"Abies Guatemalensis". The Gymnosperm Database. 2006. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
Silba, John (1986). "Encyclopedia coniferae". Phytologia Memoirs. 8. Corvallis, Oregon: Moldenke and Moldenke.
Farjon, Aljos (1998). World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. Richmond, U.K.: Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew.
Farjon, Aljos (2010). A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Brill, 2010. Vol. 1, pp 89-90.
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