Pinus densiflora
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Tracheophyta
Divisio: Pinophyta
Classis: Pinopsida
Ordo: Pinales
Familia: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus
Sectio: P. sect. Pinus
Subsectio: P. subsect. Pinus
Species: Pinus densiflora
Name
Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., Fl. Jap. 2(3): 22, t. 112 (1842).
Synonyms
Homotypic
Pinus sylvestris subsp. densiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Vorosch. in A.K.Skvortsov (ed.), Florist. Issl. Razn. Raionakh SSSR: 146 (1985).
Heterotypic
Pinus japonica Forbes, Pinet. Woburn.: 33 (1839), nom. illeg.
Pinus scopifera Miq. in H.Zollinger, Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. 2: 82 (1854).
Pinus densiflora var. albifolia Castillón ex Carrière, Rev. Hort. (Paris) 46: 272 (1874).
Pinus densiflora var. aurea Mayr, Monogr. Abietin. Japan. Reich.: 91 (1890).
Pinus densiflora f. aurea (Mayr) E.H.Wilson, Conif. Tax. Japan: 26 (1916).
Pinus densiflora var. aureovariegata-pendula Mayr, Monogr. Abietin. Japan. Reich.: 93 (1890).
Pinus densiflora var. globosa Mayr, Monogr. Abietin. Japan. Reich.: 91 (1890).
Pinus densiflora f. globosa (Mayr) Beissn., Handb. Nadelholzk., ed. 3: 439 (1909).
Pinus densiflora var. oculus-draconis Mayr, Monogr. Abietin. Japan. Reich.: 91 (1890).
Pinus densiflora f. oculus-draconis (Mayr) Beissn., Handb. Nadelholzk., ed. 3: 439 (1909).
Pinus densiflora var. oculus-draconis-pendula Mayr, Monogr. Abietin. Japan. Reich.: 91 (1890).
Pinus densiflora var. pendula Mayr, Monogr. Abietin. Japan. Reich.: 91 (1890).
Pinus densiflora f. pendula (Mayr) Beissn., Handb. Nadelholzk., ed. 3: 439 (1909).
Pinus densiflora var. umbraculifera Mayr, Monogr. Abietin. Japan. Reich.: 92 (1890).
Pinus densiflora f. umbraculifera (Mayr) Beissn., Handb. Nadelholzk., ed. 3: 439 (1909).
Pinus funebris Kom., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 20: 177 (1901).
Pinus densiflora var. funebris (Kom.) Liou & Q.L.Wang ex Silba, Phytologia Mem. 7: 50 (1984).
Pinus densiflora subsp. funebris (Kom.) Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 16: 19 (2009).
Pinus densiflora f. aggregata Nakai, Fl. Kor. 2: 380 (1911).
Pinus densiflora f. aurescens Uyeki, Bull. Agric. Forest. Coll. Suigen (Suwon) 1: 4 (1925).
Pinus densiflora f. multicaulis Uyeki, Bull. Agric. Forest. Coll. Suigen (Suwon) 1: 4 (1925).
Pinus densiflora f. vittata Uyeki, Bull. Agric. Forest. Coll. Suigen (Suwon) 1: 1 (1925).
Pinus densiflora f. erecta Uyeki, Bull. Soc. Dendrol. France 66: 49 (1928).
Pinus densiflora f. congesta Uyeki, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 17 (1938).
Pinus densiflora f. sylvestriformis Taken., J. Jap. Forest. Soc. 24: 120 (1942).
Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis (Taken.) W.C.Cheng & C.D.Chu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 246 (1978).
Pinus densiflora var. sylvestriformis (Taken.) Q.L.Wang, Checkl. Pl. Changbai: 49 (1982).
Pinus densiflora var. brevifolia Liou & Q.L.Wang in T.N.Liou, Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China: 549 (1958).
Pinus densiflora f. brevifolia (Liou & Q.L.Wang) Kitag., Neolin. Fl. Manshur.: 49 (1979).
Pinus densiflora var. liaotungensis Liou & Q.L.Wang in T.N.Liou, Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China: 548 (1958).
Pinus densiflora f. liaotungensis (Liou & Q.L.Wang) Kitag., Neolin. Fl. Manshur.: 50 (1979).
Pinus densiflora f. nigricorticalis Q.L.Wang, Fl. Liaoningica 1: 1361 (1988).
Pinus densiflora var. zhangwuensis S.J.Zhang, C.X.Li & X.Y.Yuan, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 15: 338 (1995).
Pinus densiflora subsp. zhangwuensis (S.J.Zhang, C.X.Li & X.Y.Yuan) Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 16: 38 (2009).
Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Russian Far East
Primorye.
Regional: China
China North-Central (introduced), Manchuria.
Regional: Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea.
References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references
Siebold, P.F.v. & Zuccarini, J.G. 1842–1870. Flora Japonica sive, Plantae Quas in Imperio Japonico Collegit, Descripsit, ex Parte in Ipsis Locis Pingendas Curavit. Sectio Prima Continens Plantas Ornatui vel Usui Inservientes. Digessit J. G. Zuccarini. Volumen secundum. 89 + 1 pp., 150 tab., Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden]. Gallica Reference page.
Additional references
Fu, L.-K., Li, N. & Elias, T.S. 1999. Pinus. Pp. 12–25 in Wu, Zh.Y. & Raven, P.H. (eds.), Flora of China. Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, ISBN 0-915279-70-3. efloras PDF Reference page.
Businský, R. 2008. The genus Pinus L., pines: contribution to knowledge. A monograph with cone drawings of all species of the world by Ludmila Businská. Acta Pruhoniciana 88: 1–126. PDF (Text) Photos 1–32 Photos 33–42 Figures 1–73Reference page.
Farjon, A. 2010. A Handbook of the World's Conifers. 2 vols., pp. 1–526 + 527–1111, Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, Boston. ISBN 978-90-04-17718-5. Reference page.
Links
Earle, C.J. 2023. Pinus densiflora in The Gymnosperm Database. Accessed: 2023 March 25.
Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus densiflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013. IUCN Red List Category: Least Concern . DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42355A2974820.en.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2023. Pinus densiflora in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2023 March 8. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2023. Pinus densiflora. Published online. Accessed: March 8 2023.
Hassler, M. 2023. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Pinus densiflora. Accessed: 8 March 2023.
Hassler, M. 2023. Pinus densiflora. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2023. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2023 March 8. Reference page.
Vernacular names
العربية: صنوبر كثيف الأزهار
azərbaycanca: Sıxçiçəkli şam
čeština: Borovice hustokvětá
Deutsch: Japanische Rotkiefer
English: Japanese Red Pine
español: Pino rojo japonés
فارسی: کاج ژاپنی
suomi: Japaninpunamänty
français: Pin rouge du Japon
hrvatski: Japanski crveni bor
magyar: Japán erdeifenyő
italiano: Pino rosso del Giappone
日本語: アカマツ
перем коми: Ниппонісь гӧрд пожум
한국어: 소나무
кырык мары: Япони якшар йӓктӹ
Nederlands: Japanse rode den
norsk: Japansk rødfuru
polski: Sosna gęstokwiatowa
русский: Сосна густоцветная
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Japanski crveni bor
svenska: Japansk tall
удмурт: Япониысь горд пужым
中文: 赤松
Pinus densiflora, also called the Japanese red pine,[3] the Japanese pine,[4] or Korean red pine,[5] is a species of pine tree native to East Asia and Siberia. In China, the plant is known as 赤松 (pinyin: chì sōng, literally "red pine").
Distribution and habitat
P. densiflora has a home range that includes Japan, the Korean Peninsula, northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong and northeastern Jiangsu) and the extreme southeast of Russia (in Siberia, southern Primorsky Krai).
Description
The leaves are needle-like, 8–12 centimetres (3–4+1⁄2 inches) long, with two per fascicle. The short leaves are 5–6 cm. There are stomatal lines on both sides of the leaf, two vascular bundles, about three to nine resin canals, and fine serrations on the edge of the leaf. Branchlets with more or less white powder. Male cones are light reddish yellow, clustered in the lower part of new branches, female cones are light reddish purple, solitary or clustered in two to three clusters. The cones are dark brown yellow or light brown yellow when mature, they dehiscent at maturity, seed scales usually thin, seed winged. The bark is orange-red, cracked into irregular scale-like pieces. Heartwood reddish brown, sapwood light reddish yellow. The height of the tree is 20–35 metres (66–115 feet). The crown can reach 30 metres (98 feet).[6][7][8]
"The distribution of P. densiflora in China has the following pattern of variation: the more northward it is distributed, the needles are relatively shorter, the white powder on the branchlets is sometimes less obvious or partly obvious, and the color of the cones is lighter. It is light brown yellow".[6]
The cones are 4–7 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) long. It is closely related to Scots pine, differing in the longer, slenderer leaves which are mid-green without the glaucous-blue tone of Scots pine. This pine has become a popular ornamental and has several cultivars, but in the winter it becomes yellowish. The plant prefers full sun on well-drained, slightly acidic soil.
Uses
Strong wind resistance, P. densiflora is an excellent tree species for afforestation in stony mountains, barren soil and sandy land. The timber can be used for construction, electric poles, sleepers, ore pillars, furniture, and wood fiber industrial raw materials. The trunk is rich in resin, from which rosin and turpentine can be extracted. Essential oil can be extracted from the leaves. In northeast China, matsutake relies on P. densiflora for growth. "Jilin Tianfozhishan National Nature Reserve/Jilin Tianfozhishan National Nature Reserve" takes Matsutake, P. densiflora and ecosystem as the main protection objects. P. densiflora wood has natural anti-corrosion and anti-mildew properties, and natural preservatives and natural wood anti-mold agents can be extracted. P. densiflora has non-stinging needles and soft branches, making it easy to shape as a penjing.[6][8]
References
Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus densiflora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42355A2974820. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42355A2974820.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 15 December 2015
NRCS. "Pinus densiflora". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 31 January 2016.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 575. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
"赤松(chì sōng) Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc" (in Chinese). www.iplant.cn. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
"Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
刘玉波 (2022-12-12). "赤松赤胆忠心松茸共生共荣" (in Chinese). www.forestry.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinus densiflora.
J. E., Aughanbaugh (1950). "Japanese Red Pine_cabdirect". Pennsylvania Forests and Waters. 2 (1): 10–11, 18.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
