Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Tracheophyta
Divisio: Pinophyta
Classis: Pinopsida
Ordo: Pinales
Familia: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus
Sectio: P. sect. Pinus
Subsectio: P. subsect. Insulares
Species: Pinus kesiya
Name
Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon, Gard. Mag. & Reg. Rural Domest. Improv. 16: 8 (1840).
Synonyms
Heterotypic
Pinus taeda Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 767 (1837).
Pinus timoriensis Loudon, Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 4: 2269 (1838).
Pinus insularis Endl., Syn. Conif.: 157 (1847).
Pinus kesiya subsp. insularis (Endl.) D.Z.Li, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 346 (1997).
Pinus khasyana Griff., Itin. Pl. Khasyah Mts.: 58 (1848).
Pinus insularis var. khasyana (Griff.) Silba, Phytologia 68: 51 (1990).
Pinus cavendishiana Parl. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 390 (1868).
Pinus kasya Parl. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 390 (1868).
Pinus khasia Engelm., Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 4: 179 (1880).
Pinus langbianensis A.Chev., Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 24: 25 (1944).
Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis (A.Chev.) Gaussen ex Bui, Adansonia, n.s., 2: 338 (1962) (accepted by WCSP)
Pinus insularis var. langbianensis (A.Chev.) Silba, Phytologia 68: 51 (1990).
Pinus kesiya subsp. langbianensis (A.Chev.) Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 16: 24 (2009).
Pinus kesiya subsp. szemaoensis Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc., rev. vers. 16(1): 52 (51) (2009).
Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: China
China South-Central, Tibet.
Continental: Asia-Tropical
Regional: Indian Subcontinent
Assam, Bangladesh.
Regional: Indo-China
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Regional: Malesia
Philippines.
References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references
Gordon, G. 1840. New hardy Trees and Shubs raised in the Chiswick Garden since Oct. 1838. Gardener's Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement 16: 1–10. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Fu, L.-K., Li, N. & Elias, T.S. 1999. Pinus. Pp. 12–25 in Wu, Zh.Y. & Raven, P.H. (eds.), Flora of China. Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, ISBN 0-915279-70-3. efloras PDF Reference page.
Businský, R. 2008. The genus Pinus L., pines: contribution to knowledge. A monograph with cone drawings of all species of the world by Ludmila Businská. Acta Pruhoniciana 88: 1–126. PDF (Text) Photos 1–32 Photos 33–42 Figures 1–73Reference page.
Farjon, A. 2010. A Handbook of the World's Conifers. 2 vols., pp. 1–526 + 527–1111, Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, Boston. ISBN 978-90-04-17718-5. Reference page.
Links
Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus kesiya. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013. IUCN Red List Category: Least Concern . DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42372A2975925.en.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2023. Pinus kesiya in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2023 March 8. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2023. Pinus kesiya. Published online. Accessed: March 8 2023.
Hassler, M. 2023. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Pinus kesiya. Accessed: 8 March 2023.
Hassler, M. 2023. Pinus kesiya. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2023. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2023 March 8. Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Khasi Pine
Esperanto: Ĥasi-pino
Ilokano: Saleng
polski: Sosna wiotka
Tiếng Việt: Thông ba lá
中文: 思茅松
Pinus kesiya (Khasi pine, Benguet pine or three-needled pine) is one of the most widely distributed pines in Asia. Its range extends south and east from the Khasi Hills in the northeast Indian state of Meghalaya, to northern Thailand, Philippines, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, southernmost China, and Vietnam. It is an important plantation species elsewhere in the world, including in southern Africa and South America.[3][4]
The common name "Khasi pine" is from the Khasi hills in India, and "Benguet pine" is from the landlocked province of Benguet in Luzon, Philippines, where it is the dominant species of the Luzon tropical pine forests (known as saleng in Ilocano[5]). The Benguet pine is sometimes treated as a separate species, Pinus insularis; however, the current opinion is to treat these as conspecific with P. kesiya. The city of Baguio is nicknamed "The City of Pines", as it is noted for large stands of this tree.
Description
Bark of Benguet pine
Pinus kesiya is a tree reaching up to 30–35 metres (98–115 feet) tall with a straight, cylindrical trunk. The bark is thick and dark brown, with deep longitudinal fissures. The branches are robust, red brown from the second year, the branchlets horizontal to drooping. The leaves are needle-like, dark green, usually 3 per fascicle, 15–20 centimetres (6–8 inches) long, the fascicle sheath 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) long and persistent. The cones are ovoid, 5–9 cm (2–3+1⁄2 in) long, often curved downwards, sometimes slightly distorted; the scales of second-year cones are dense, the umbo a little convex, sometimes acutely spinous. The scales have transverse and longitudinal ridges across the middle of the scale surface. The seeds are winged, 6–7 millimetres (1⁄4–9⁄32 in) long with a 1.5–2.5 cm wing. Pollination occurs in mid-spring, with the cones maturing 18–20 months after.[citation needed]
Khasi pine usually grows in pure stands or mixed with broad-leaved trees, but does not form open pine forests.[citation needed]
Uses
The soft and light timber of Pinus kesiya can be used for a wide range of applications, including boxes, paper pulp, and temporary electric poles. It is intensely used for timber, both sourced in natural forests and plantations.[3][4]
The good-quality resin is not abundant and has not been much used except during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines for the production of turpentine.[6]
See also
Casuarina equisetifolia, the agoho pine
References
Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus kesiya". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42372A2975925. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42372A2975925.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
Luu, Nguyen Duc To; Philip Ian Thomas (2004). Conifers of Vietnam. Nhà xuất bản Thế giới. pp. 42–43. ISBN 1-872291-64-3. Archived from the original on 2007-05-19.
"Pinus kesiya". AgroForestryTree Database. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
Li, Paul Jen-kuei (July 2022). "Some notes on animals and plants for Proto-Austronesian speakers". Language and Linguistics. 語言暨語言學: 266. doi:10.1075/lali.18.2.04li.
Heaney, Lawrence R.; Regaldo, Jacinto C., Jr. (2007). "Philippine Pines". Vanishing Treasures. The Field Museum.
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