Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Tracheophyta
Divisio: Pinophyta
Classis: Pinopsida
Ordo: Pinales
Familia: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus
Sectio: P. sect. Pinus
Subsectio: P. subsect. Pinus
Species: Pinus massoniana
Varietates: P. m. var. hainanensis – P. m. var. massoniana
Name
Pinus massoniana Lamb., Descr. Pinus 1: 17 (1803).
Synonyms
Homotypic
Pinea massoniana (Lamb.) Opiz, Oekon. Neuigk. Verh. 1839: 526 (1839).
Homonyms
Pinus massoniana Zucc., Fl. Jap. (Siebold) 2: 24 (t. 113, 114) (1842), nom. illeg. = Pinus thunbergii Parl., in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 388 (1868).
Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Asia-Temperate
China
China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan.
Eastern Asia
Taiwan.
References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references
Lambert, A.B. 1803. Description of the genus Pinus: illustrated with figures, directions relative to the cultivation, and remarks on the uses of the several species, ed. 1, 1:17, t. 12.
Additional references
Fu, L.-K., Li, N. & Elias, T.S. 1999. Pinus. Pp. 12–25 in Wu, Zh.Y. & Raven, P.H. (eds.), Flora of China. Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, ISBN 0-915279-70-3. efloras PDF Reference page.
Businský, R. 2008. The genus Pinus L., pines: contribution to knowledge. A monograph with cone drawings of all species of the world by Ludmila Businská. Acta Pruhoniciana 88: 1–126. PDF (Text) Photos 1–32 Photos 33–42 Figures 1–73Reference page.
Farjon, A. 2010. A Handbook of the World's Conifers. 2 vols., pp. 1–526 + 527–1111, Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, Boston. ISBN 978-90-04-17718-5. Reference page.
Links
Earle, C.J. 2023. Pinus massoniana in The Gymnosperm Database. Accessed: 2023 March 25.
Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus massoniana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013. IUCN Red List Category: Least Concern . DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42379A2976356.en.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2023. Pinus massoniana in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2023 March 8. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2023. 60437819-2 Pinus massoniana. Published online. Accessed: March 8 2023.
Hassler, M. 2023. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Pinus massoniana. Accessed: 8 March 2023.
Hassler, M. 2023. Pinus massoniana. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2023. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2023 March 8. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Pinus massoniana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.
Vernacular names
English: Masson's Pine
Esperanto: Mason-pino
日本語: バビショウ
перем коми: Массон пожум
polski: Sosna Massona
удмурт: Массон пужым
українська: Сосна Массона
Tiếng Việt: Thông đuôi ngựa
中文: 馬尾松
Pinus massoniana (English: Masson's pine, Chinese red pine, horsetail pine; Chinese: 馬尾松) is a species of pine, native to Taiwan, a wide area of central and southern China, and northern Vietnam.
Description
bark close-up
It is an evergreen tree reaching 25–45 metres (82–148 feet) in height, with a broad, rounded crown of long branches. The bark is thick, grayish-brown, and scaly plated at the base of the trunk, and orange-red, thin, and flaking higher on the trunk. The leaves are needle-like, dark green, with two per fascicle, 12–20 centimetres (4+1⁄2–8 inches) long and 0.8–1 millimetre (1⁄32–3⁄64 in) wide, the persistent fascicle sheath 1.5–2 cm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) long. The cones are ovoid, 4–7 cm (1+5⁄8–2+3⁄4 in) long, chestnut-brown, opening when mature in late winter to 4–6 cm (1+5⁄8–2+3⁄8 in) broad. The seeds are winged, 4–6 mm (5⁄32–1⁄4 in) long with a 10–15 mm (3⁄8–9⁄16 in) wing. Pollination occurs in mid-spring, with the cones maturing 18–20 months after.[2][3][4]
Distribution and habitat
It is native to Taiwan, a wide area of central and southern China including Hong Kong, and northern Vietnam, growing at low to moderate altitudes, mostly below 1,500 m (4,900 ft) but rarely up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level.[5]
Ecology
In the 1970s and 80s, the Pinewood nematode from North America and pine-needle scale insect from Taiwan, together virtually eliminated the native Pinus massoniana in Hong Kong.[6]
Fossil record
A fossil seed cone and several needles of Pinus massoniana have been described from the upper Miocene Wenshan flora, Yunnan, SW China. The fossils most resemble the variety P. massoniana var. hainanensis, which is a tropical montane thermophilic tree restricted to Hainan Island in southern China.[7]
Uses
The species is a common tree used in plantation forestry for replacing or compensating for the loss of the natural forest in southern China.[8] Chinese rosin is obtained mainly from the turpentine of P. massoniana and slash pine (P. elliottii).
Logs are mainly used to make pulp for paper industry.
Leaves are used to give special smoke flavor to a local black tea, such as Lapsang souchong of Fujian.
Habit
Notes
Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus massoniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42379A2976356. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42379A2976356.en.
Farjon, A. (2005). Pines, ed. 2. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-13916-8.
Richardson, D. M. (1998). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-55176-5.
Gymnosperm Database: Pinus massoniana
Mirov, N. T. (1967). The Genus Pinus. Ronald Press.
Porcupine! 23 - Hong Kong's Bad Biodiversity
The occurrence of Pinus massoniana Lambert (Pinaceae) from the upper Miocene of Yunnan, SW China and its implications for paleogeography and paleoclimate by Jian-Wei Zhang, Ashalata D'Rozario, Jonathan M. Adams, Xiao-Qing Liang, Frédéric M.B. Jacquesa, Tao Su and Zhe-Kun Zhoua, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology Volume 215, April 2015, Pages 57-67
Ecosystem services of various types of artificial forest in South China – a provisional summary
References
Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus massoniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42379A2976356. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42379A2976356.en.
Pinus massoniana - Plants For A Future database report
eFloras, Missouri Botanical Garden & Harvard University Herbaria, Pinus massoniana, vol. 4, p. 14, retrieved 23 October 2009
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