Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Tracheophyta
Divisio: Pteridophyta
Classis: Polypodiopsida
Ordo: Schizaeales
Familia: Lygodiaceae
Genus: Lygodium
Species:
L. altum – L. articulatum – L. auriculatum – L. boivinii – L. borneense – L. circinnatum – L. cubense – L. dimorphum – L. flexuosum – L. heterodoxum – L. hians – L. japonicum – L. kerstenii – L. lanceolatum – L. longifolium – L. merrillii – L. microphyllum – L. oligostachyum – L. palmatum – L. polystachyum – L. radiatum – L. reticulatum – L. salicifolium – L. smithianum – L. trifurcatum – L. venustum – L. versteegii – L. volubile – L. yunnanense
Nothospecies: L. × fayae – L. × lancetillanum
Paleospecies: †L. kaulfussi
Name
Lygodium Swartz, J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 7, 106 (1801).
Synonyms
Heterotypic
Hugona Cav. ex Roem., Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 2(3): 486 (1801), nom. superfl.
Gisopteris Bernh., J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 129 (1801).
Odontopteris Bernh., J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 127 (1801).
Ramondia Mirb., Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 179 (1801), nom. rej.
Ugena Cav., Icon. 6: 73 (1801).
Hydroglossum Willd., Abh. Kurfürstl.-Mainz. Akad. Nützl. Wiss. Erfurt 2(5): 13, 20 (1802).
Cteisium Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 275 (1803).
Vallifilix Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 1 (1809), nom. superfl.
Lygodictyon J.Sm. in W.J.Hooker, Gen. Fil.: t. 111B (1842).
Arthrolygodes C.Presl, Suppl. Tent. Pterid. 101 (1845).
Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Continental: Africa
Regional: West Tropical Africa
Benin, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone.
Regional: West-Central Tropical Africa
Burundi, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Zaire.
Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa
Chad.
Regional: East Tropical Africa
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda.
Regional: South Tropical Africa
Angola, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Regional: Southern Africa
Cape Provinces (introduced), KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland, Northern Provinces.
Regional: Western Indian Ocean
Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar.
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: China
China South-Central, Hainan, China North-Central, China Southeast, Tibet.
Regional: Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea, Nansei-shoto, Taiwan.
Continental: Asia-Tropical
Regional: Indian Subcontinent
Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya.
Regional: Indo-China
Andaman Islands, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Vietnam.
Regional: Malesia
Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera.
Regional: Papuasia
Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Islands.
Continental: Australasia
Regional: Australia
New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia.
Regional: New Zealand
New Zealand North.
Continental: Pacific
Regional: Southwestern Pacific
Fiji, New Caledonia, Santa Cruz Islands, Vanuatu.
Regional: South-Central Pacific
Line Islands, Society Islands.
Regional: Northwestern Pacific
Caroline Islands, Marianas.
Regional: North-Central Pacific
Hawaii (introduced).
Continental: Northern America
Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
Missouri (introduced).
Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia.
Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
Texas (introduced).
Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
Alabama, Arkansas (introduced), Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana (introduced), Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.
Regional: Mexico
Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast.
Continental: Southern America
Regional: Central America
Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
Regional: Caribbean
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico (introduced), Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuelan Antilles.
Regional: Northern South America
French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
Regional: Western South America
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
Regional: Brazil
Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North, Brazil South.
Regional: Southern South America
Argentina Northeast, Paraguay.
References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references
Swartz, O. 1801. Genera et species filicum ordine systematico redactarum, adiectis synonymis et iconibus selectis, nec non speciebus recenter detectis, et demum plurimis dubiosis, ulterius investigandis. Journal für die Botanik (Schrader) 1800(2): 1–120. MDZ Reference page.
Additional references
Pabst, M.B. 1968. The flora of the Chuckanut Formation: the Equisetales, Filicales, and Coniferales. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 76: i–v, 1–85. Reference page.
Smith, A.R., Pryer, K.M., Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P., Schneider, H. & Wolf, P.G. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55(3): 705–731. DOI: 10.2307/25065646 JSTOR ResearchGate PDF. Reference page.
Links
Govaerts, R. et al. 2023. Lygodium in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2023 Aug 15. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2023. Lygodium. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 15 Aug 2023.
International Plant Names Index. 2023. Lygodium. Published online. Accessed: 15 Aug 2023. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2023. World Ferns. Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. . Lygodium Accessed: 15 Aug 2023. Reference page.
Vernacular names
Bahasa Indonesia: Hata
日本語: カニクサ
polski: Wężówka
中文: 海金沙屬
Lygodium (climbing fern) is a genus of about 40 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern Asia and eastern North America. It is the sole genus in the family Lygodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[1] Alternatively, the genus may be placed as the only genus in the subfamily Lygodioideae of a more broadly defined family Schizaeaceae,[2] the family placement used in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019.[3] Per recent molecular evidence, Lygodiaceae is thought to have diverged relatively early from the other members of the Schizaeales due to the relatively high level of synonymous sequence divergence between the families within the Schizaeales.[4]
Description
Lygodium are unusual in that the rachis, or midrib, of the frond is thin, flexible, and long, the frond unrolling with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct vine. The fronds may be from 3–12 m (9.8–39.4 ft) long, depending on the species. They are also easily identifiable by their possession of apical buds that lay dormant until damage to the rachis occurs, allowing them a high degree of endurance.[5]
Range
Lygodium is a wide ranging genus with native populations existing in Asia, Australasia, Africa, and North and South America. The genus is largely pan-tropical, with the center of diversity being Pacific islands, such as Borneo, the Philippine islands, and New Guinea. [5]There do exist several species tolerant of temperate climates such as Lygodium palmatum, which is endemic to the Appalachian region of eastern North America, and Lygodium japonicum, which is native to Japan, but highly invasive in the Southeastern United States. For more on this, refer to the "As invasive species" section below. The lack of extant Lygodium species in Europe is commonly attributed to the Pleistocene glaciation wiping them out. Similar extirpations did not occur in other high middle and high latitude areas, such as the United States and Japan that do have Lygodium populations at present. This discrepancy is thought to be due to the East-West orientation of the European Alps preventing southward migration of Lygodium members, among other extirpated species, while the relatively North-South orientations of the Appalachian mountains and Japanese Alps allowed such southward migration.[5]
Uses
Lygodium species, known as nito, are used as a source of fibers in the Philippines. The fibers are used as material for weaving, most notably of traditional salakot headgear.[6][7]
As invasive species
Some Lygodium species are now considered very problematic invasive weeds in the southeastern United States. Populations of Lygodium have increased more than 12-fold over the past decade, as noted by Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.[8]
Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) was added to the Florida Noxious Weed List in 1999. It is also a major problem in pine plantations, causing contamination and harvesting problems for the pine straw industry. Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) infests cypress swamps and other hydric sites, forming a monoculture. This massive infestation displaces all native flora and fauna, completely changing the ecosystem of the area.[9]
Plants in this genus have basal chromosome counts of n=28, 29, 30.
Phylogeny
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References
PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
"Lygodium Sw". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
Hasebe, M; Omori, T; Nakazawa, M; Sano, T; Kato, M; Iwatsuki, K (1994-06-07). "rbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 91 (12): 5730–5734. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.5730H. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.12.5730. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 44070. PMID 8202555.
Garrison Hanks, Judith (1998). A monographic study of Lygodium Swartz (Pteridophyta: Lygodiaceae). University of Michigan.
Salakot and Other Headgear (PDF). ICHCAP, UNESCO.
"Lygodium (PROSEA)". Pl@ntUse. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
"SS-AGR-21/AG122: Natural Area Weeds: Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum)". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
"Japanese climbing fern—Lygodium japonicum | Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants". Plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.6.0 [GenBank release 259]. 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
"Flora of New Zealand | General Profile | Lygodium articulatum". Nzflora.info. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
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