Nephrolepis biserrata, Photo: Michael Lahanas
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Tracheophyta
Divisio: Pteridophyta
Classis: Polypodiopsida
Ordo: Polypodiales
Familia: Nephrolepidaceae
Genus: Nephrolepis
Species: Nephrolepis biserrata
Name
Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, 1834
Synonyms
Homotypic
Aspidium biserratum Sw. in J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 32 (1801)
Hypopeltis biserrata (Sw.) Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 65 (1833)
Lepidoneuron biserratum (Sw.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Nephrodium biserratum (Sw.) C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. normalis Domin in Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk. Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1929(2): 237 (1929), not validly publ.
Nephrolepis exaltata var. biserrata (Sw.) Baker in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 1(2): 493 (1870)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. biserrata (Sw.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)
Heterotypic
Aspidium acuminatum Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 221 (1810)
Aspidium acutum Schkuhr in 24. Kl. Linn. Pfl.-Syst. 1: 32 (1806)
Aspidium articulatum Siebold in Exsicc. (Syn. Fil.), nom. illeg.
Aspidium bidentatum (C.Presl) Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 4(1): 99 (1827)
Aspidium biserratum var. furcans (T.Moore) Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 262 (1931)
Aspidium biserratum var. paraense Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 262 (1931)
Aspidium ensifolium Schkuhr in 24. Kl. Linn. Pfl.-Syst. 1: 32 (1806)
Aspidium exaltatum var. longipinna Benth. in Fl. Austral. (1878)
Aspidium gibbosum Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 222 (1810)
Aspidium guineense Schumach. in Beskr. Guin. Pl.: 455 (1827)
Aspidium hoffmannseggii Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl. 4: 509 (1816)
Aspidium mauritianum Desv. in Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 5: 320 (1811)
Aspidium nigropunctatum Spreng. in Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 3: 7 (1822)
Aspidium paraense Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 228 (1810)
Aspidium punctulatum (Poir.) Sw. in Syn. Fil. (Kiliae): 46 (1806)
Aspidium rufescens (Schrad.) Kunze in Flora 22(1, Beibl.): 34 (1839), nom. illeg.
Aspidium splendens Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 220 (1810)
Hypopeltis amygdalina Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 64 (1833)
Hypopeltis palmoides Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 65 (1833)
Lepidoneuron acuminatum (Willd.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron biauritum (C.Presl) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron bidentatum (C.Presl) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron punctulatum (Poir.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron rufescens (Schrad.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Nephrodium acuminatum (Willd.) C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrodium acutum (Schkuhr) C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrodium bidentatum C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 32 (1825)
Nephrodium gibbosum (Willd.) Gaudich. in Voy. Uranie: 338 (1828)
Nephrodium guianense Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 253 (1827)
Nephrodium hoffmanseggii Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 252 (1827)
Nephrodium mauritianum Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 252 (1827)
Nephrodium palmoides Rich. in J.S.C.Dumont d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe 2: XXXIX (1834)
Nephrodium punctulatum (Poir.) Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 253 (1827)
Nephrodium rufescens Schrad. in Gött. Gel. Anz. 87: 869 (1824)
Nephrodium timoriense Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 253 (1827)
Nephrolepis acuminata (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis acuta (Schkuhr) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis acuta var. laurifolia Christ in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 355 (1896)
Nephrolepis arthropteroides G.Kunkel in Nova Hedwigia 6: 205 (1963)
Nephrolepis biaurita C.Presl in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 6: 43 (1851)
Nephrolepis bidentata (C.Presl) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. auriculata Ching in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 2: 378 (1959)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. digitiformis G.Kunkel in Nova Hedwigia 6: 206 (1963)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. furcans (T.Moore) L.H.Bailey in Stand. Cycl. Hort. 4: 2132 (1916)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. glabrata Domin in Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk. Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1929(2): 237 (1929)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. glandulosa Kuhn in Filic. Afr.: 27 (1868)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. mauritiana (Desv.) Kuhn in Filic. Afr.: 155 (1868)
Nephrolepis biserrata subsp. punctulatum (Poir.) Bonap. in Notes Ptéridol. 1: 165 (1915)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. rufescens (Schrad.) Luetzelb. in Estud. Bot. Nordéste 3: 246 (1923)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. subferruginea Hook. in Sp. Fil.: 153 (1862)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. subintegrifolia Domin in Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk. Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1929(2): 237 (1929)
Nephrolepis caudata Christ in Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., sér. 5, 3(1): 27 (1909)
Nephrolepis davallioides var. furcans T.Moore in G.Nicholson, Ill. Dict. Gard. 2: 445 (1885)
Nephrolepis dayakorum Bonap. in Notes Ptéridol. 7: 399 (1918)
Nephrolepis depauperata de Vriese in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 9 (1846)
Nephrolepis ensifolia (Schkuhr) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis falcata f. furcans (T.Moore) Proctor in Rhodora 63: 32 (1961)
Nephrolepis gibbosa (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. acuta (Schkuhr) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. ensifolia (Schkuhr) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. rufescens (Schrad.) Bonap. in Notes Ptéridol. 10: 267 (1920)
Nephrolepis laurifolia (Christ) Proctor in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53: 262 (1989)
Nephrolepis macrophylla C.Presl in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 6: 43 (1851)
Nephrolepis mauritiana T.Moore in Index Fil.: 96 (1858)
Nephrolepis mollis Rosenst. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 13 (1925)
Nephrolepis paraensis (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis persicifolia Christ in Nova Guinea 8: 159 (1909)
Nephrolepis pilosula Alderw. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 2, 11: 18 (1913)
Nephrolepis platyotis Kunze in Linnaea 23: 268, 312 (1850)
Nephrolepis punctulata (Poir.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis punctulata f. genuina Hieron. in Hedwigia 47: 206 (1908), not validly publ.
Nephrolepis punctulata var. rufescens (Schrad.) Kunze in Linnaea 21: 230 (1848)
Nephrolepis rufescens (Schrad.) Wawra in Bot. Ergebn.: 200 (1866)
Nephrolepis splendens (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis subcordata C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis zollingeriana de Vriese in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 10 (1846)
Polypodium flagelliferum Roxb. in Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: 487 (1844)
Polypodium glabrum Burm.f. in Fl. Ind.: 235 (1768)
Polypodium integerrimum Vell. in Fl. Flumin. 11: t. 60 (1831)
Polypodium nephrolepioides Christ in Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 1: 220 (1909)
Polypodium palmoides Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 30 (1833), non. nud.
Polypodium punctulatum Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 5: 533 (1804)
Polypodium punctulatum var. hirsutum Mett. in F.A.M.Kuhn, Filic. Afr.: 156 (1868)
Polypodium signatum (Blanco) Blanco in Fl. Filip., ed. 2.: 572 (1845)
Polystichum acutum C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 83 (1836)
Tectaria fraxinea Cav. in Descr. Pl.: 250 (1801)
Pteris piloselloides Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 830 (1837)
Pteris signata Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 830 (1837)
Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Continental:Cosmopolitan
Regional: Tropics & Subtropics
Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Assam, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Bolivia, Borneo, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Caroline Is., Cayman Is., Central African Republic, Central American Pacific Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, Christmas I., Colombia, Comoros, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, French Guiana, Gabon, Galápagos, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Hainan, Honduras, India, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Leeward Is., Lesser Sunda Is., Liberia, Louisiana, Madagascar, Malaya, Marianas, Marquesas, Marshall Is., Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Nigeria, Niue, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Panamá, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Is., Puerto Rico, Queensland, Réunion, Samoa, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Society Is., Solomon Is., South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Tuamotu, Tubuai Is., Uganda, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Vietnam, Western Australia, Windward Is., Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Pakistan
References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references
Schott, H.W., 1834. Gen. Fil. (Schott) ad t. 3.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Nephrolepis biserrata in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 08-Apr-12.
Additional references
Cheek, M. & Jebb, M. (2001). Flora Malesiana 15: 1-164. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.
McPherson, S. (2023). Nepenthes - The Tropical Pitcher Plants 1: 1-739. Redfern Natural History Productions.
Links
Govaerts, R. et al. 2024. Nephrolepis biserrata in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2024 July 26. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2024. Nephrolepis biserrata. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2024. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2024 July 26. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2024. Nephrolepis biserrata. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 26 July 2024.
Vernacular names
English: giant swordfern
Bahasa Indonesia: Paku larat
日本語: ホウビカンジュ
中文: 長葉腎蕨, 长叶肾蕨
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Tracheophyta
Divisio: Pteridophyta
Classis: Polypodiopsida
Ordo: Polypodiales
Familia: Nephrolepidaceae
Genus: Nephrolepis
Species: Nephrolepis biserrata
Name
Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, 1834
Synonyms
Homotypic
Aspidium biserratum Sw. in J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 32 (1801)
Hypopeltis biserrata (Sw.) Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 65 (1833)
Lepidoneuron biserratum (Sw.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Nephrodium biserratum (Sw.) C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. normalis Domin in Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk. Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1929(2): 237 (1929), not validly publ.
Nephrolepis exaltata var. biserrata (Sw.) Baker in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 1(2): 493 (1870)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. biserrata (Sw.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)
Heterotypic
Aspidium acuminatum Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 221 (1810)
Aspidium acutum Schkuhr in 24. Kl. Linn. Pfl.-Syst. 1: 32 (1806)
Aspidium articulatum Siebold in Exsicc. (Syn. Fil.), nom. illeg.
Aspidium bidentatum (C.Presl) Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 4(1): 99 (1827)
Aspidium biserratum var. furcans (T.Moore) Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 262 (1931)
Aspidium biserratum var. paraense Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 262 (1931)
Aspidium ensifolium Schkuhr in 24. Kl. Linn. Pfl.-Syst. 1: 32 (1806)
Aspidium exaltatum var. longipinna Benth. in Fl. Austral. (1878)
Aspidium gibbosum Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 222 (1810)
Aspidium guineense Schumach. in Beskr. Guin. Pl.: 455 (1827)
Aspidium hoffmannseggii Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl. 4: 509 (1816)
Aspidium mauritianum Desv. in Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 5: 320 (1811)
Aspidium nigropunctatum Spreng. in Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 3: 7 (1822)
Aspidium paraense Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 228 (1810)
Aspidium punctulatum (Poir.) Sw. in Syn. Fil. (Kiliae): 46 (1806)
Aspidium rufescens (Schrad.) Kunze in Flora 22(1, Beibl.): 34 (1839), nom. illeg.
Aspidium splendens Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 220 (1810)
Hypopeltis amygdalina Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 64 (1833)
Hypopeltis palmoides Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 65 (1833)
Lepidoneuron acuminatum (Willd.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron biauritum (C.Presl) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron bidentatum (C.Presl) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron punctulatum (Poir.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron rufescens (Schrad.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Nephrodium acuminatum (Willd.) C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrodium acutum (Schkuhr) C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrodium bidentatum C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 32 (1825)
Nephrodium gibbosum (Willd.) Gaudich. in Voy. Uranie: 338 (1828)
Nephrodium guianense Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 253 (1827)
Nephrodium hoffmanseggii Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 252 (1827)
Nephrodium mauritianum Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 252 (1827)
Nephrodium palmoides Rich. in J.S.C.Dumont d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe 2: XXXIX (1834)
Nephrodium punctulatum (Poir.) Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 253 (1827)
Nephrodium rufescens Schrad. in Gött. Gel. Anz. 87: 869 (1824)
Nephrodium timoriense Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 253 (1827)
Nephrolepis acuminata (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis acuta (Schkuhr) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis acuta var. laurifolia Christ in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 355 (1896)
Nephrolepis arthropteroides G.Kunkel in Nova Hedwigia 6: 205 (1963)
Nephrolepis biaurita C.Presl in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 6: 43 (1851)
Nephrolepis bidentata (C.Presl) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. auriculata Ching in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 2: 378 (1959)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. digitiformis G.Kunkel in Nova Hedwigia 6: 206 (1963)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. furcans (T.Moore) L.H.Bailey in Stand. Cycl. Hort. 4: 2132 (1916)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. glabrata Domin in Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk. Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1929(2): 237 (1929)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. glandulosa Kuhn in Filic. Afr.: 27 (1868)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. mauritiana (Desv.) Kuhn in Filic. Afr.: 155 (1868)
Nephrolepis biserrata subsp. punctulatum (Poir.) Bonap. in Notes Ptéridol. 1: 165 (1915)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. rufescens (Schrad.) Luetzelb. in Estud. Bot. Nordéste 3: 246 (1923)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. subferruginea Hook. in Sp. Fil.: 153 (1862)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. subintegrifolia Domin in Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk. Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1929(2): 237 (1929)
Nephrolepis caudata Christ in Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., sér. 5, 3(1): 27 (1909)
Nephrolepis davallioides var. furcans T.Moore in G.Nicholson, Ill. Dict. Gard. 2: 445 (1885)
Nephrolepis dayakorum Bonap. in Notes Ptéridol. 7: 399 (1918)
Nephrolepis depauperata de Vriese in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 9 (1846)
Nephrolepis ensifolia (Schkuhr) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis falcata f. furcans (T.Moore) Proctor in Rhodora 63: 32 (1961)
Nephrolepis gibbosa (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. acuta (Schkuhr) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. ensifolia (Schkuhr) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. rufescens (Schrad.) Bonap. in Notes Ptéridol. 10: 267 (1920)
Nephrolepis laurifolia (Christ) Proctor in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53: 262 (1989)
Nephrolepis macrophylla C.Presl in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 6: 43 (1851)
Nephrolepis mauritiana T.Moore in Index Fil.: 96 (1858)
Nephrolepis mollis Rosenst. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 13 (1925)
Nephrolepis paraensis (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis persicifolia Christ in Nova Guinea 8: 159 (1909)
Nephrolepis pilosula Alderw. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 2, 11: 18 (1913)
Nephrolepis platyotis Kunze in Linnaea 23: 268, 312 (1850)
Nephrolepis punctulata (Poir.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis punctulata f. genuina Hieron. in Hedwigia 47: 206 (1908), not validly publ.
Nephrolepis punctulata var. rufescens (Schrad.) Kunze in Linnaea 21: 230 (1848)
Nephrolepis rufescens (Schrad.) Wawra in Bot. Ergebn.: 200 (1866)
Nephrolepis splendens (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis subcordata C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis zollingeriana de Vriese in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 10 (1846)
Polypodium flagelliferum Roxb. in Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: 487 (1844)
Polypodium glabrum Burm.f. in Fl. Ind.: 235 (1768)
Polypodium integerrimum Vell. in Fl. Flumin. 11: t. 60 (1831)
Polypodium nephrolepioides Christ in Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 1: 220 (1909)
Polypodium palmoides Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 30 (1833), non. nud.
Polypodium punctulatum Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 5: 533 (1804)
Polypodium punctulatum var. hirsutum Mett. in F.A.M.Kuhn, Filic. Afr.: 156 (1868)
Polypodium signatum (Blanco) Blanco in Fl. Filip., ed. 2.: 572 (1845)
Polystichum acutum C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 83 (1836)
Tectaria fraxinea Cav. in Descr. Pl.: 250 (1801)
Pteris piloselloides Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 830 (1837)
Pteris signata Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 830 (1837)
Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Continental:Cosmopolitan
Regional: Tropics & Subtropics
Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Assam, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Bolivia, Borneo, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Caroline Is., Cayman Is., Central African Republic, Central American Pacific Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, Christmas I., Colombia, Comoros, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, French Guiana, Gabon, Galápagos, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Hainan, Honduras, India, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Leeward Is., Lesser Sunda Is., Liberia, Louisiana, Madagascar, Malaya, Marianas, Marquesas, Marshall Is., Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Nigeria, Niue, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Panamá, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Is., Puerto Rico, Queensland, Réunion, Samoa, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Society Is., Solomon Is., South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Tuamotu, Tubuai Is., Uganda, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Vietnam, Western Australia, Windward Is., Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Pakistan
References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references
Schott, H.W., 1834. Gen. Fil. (Schott) ad t. 3.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Nephrolepis biserrata in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 08-Apr-12.
Additional references
Cheek, M. & Jebb, M. (2001). Flora Malesiana 15: 1-164. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.
McPherson, S. (2023). Nepenthes - The Tropical Pitcher Plants 1: 1-739. Redfern Natural History Productions.
Links
Govaerts, R. et al. 2024. Nephrolepis biserrata in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2024 July 26. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2024. Nephrolepis biserrata. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2024. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2024 July 26. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2024. Nephrolepis biserrata. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 26 July 2024.
Vernacular names
English: giant swordfern
Bahasa Indonesia: Paku larat
日本語: ホウビカンジュ
中文: 長葉腎蕨, 长叶肾蕨
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