Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Orthokaryota
Cladus: Neokaryota
Cladus: Photokaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: CAM
Regnum*: Archaeplastida
Regnum*: Viridiplantae
Infrakingdom: Chlorophyta - Streptophyta
Superphyla: Charophyta - Embryophyta
[Note: this page is about Viridiplantae (= Plantae sensu Copeland, 1938, 1956). For other uses of Plantae, see:
Plantae (L.)
Archaeplastida or Plantae (= Plantae sensu Cavalier-Smith, 1981, 1998)
Embryophyta (= Plantae sensu Margulis, 1971).]
Name
Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981
Synonyms
Plantae Copeland, 1938, 1956
Euchlorophyta Whittaker, 1969
Chlorophyta sensu van den Hoek & Jahns, 1978
Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004
Chlorobiota Kendrick and Crane 1997
Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005
References
Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 Open access. [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 Open access.] Reference page.
Links
Viridiplantae – Taxon details on AlgaeBase.
Viridiplantae – Taxon details on Fossilworks.
Viridiplantae - Taxon details on iNaturalist.
Viridiplantae – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Viridiplantae – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
Vernacular names
français: Plantes vertes magyar: Zöld színtestű növények
Alternative classifications
Copeland (1938)
Copeland, H.F. (1938). The kingdoms of organisms. Quart. Rev. Biol. 13, 383-420. From Minelli (1993, p. 131), [1].
Monera
Protista
Plantae (green algae and land plants)
Animalia
Whittaker (1969)
Whittaker, R. H. (1969). New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Science 163 (3863): 150–160.
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Rhodophycophyta
Subkingdom Phaeophycophyta
Subkingdom Euchlorophyta
Branch Chlorophycophyta
Phylum Chlorophyta
Phylum Charophyta
Branch Metaphyta
Phylum Bryophyta
Phylum Tracheophyta
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
van den Hoek & Jahns (1978)
van den Hoek, C. and Jahns, H.M. (1978). Algen. Einführung in die Phykologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, [2], [3], [4].
Chlorophyta
Chlorophytina
Chlorophyceae
Prasinophyceae
Charophyceae
Bryophytina
Tracheophytina
Cavalier-Smith (1981)
Cavalier-Smith, T. 1981. Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? Biosystems 14(3–4): 461–481. DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818. Reference page.
Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 462]
Superkingdom Eukaryota
Kingdom 1. Eufungi
Kingdom 2. Ciliofungi
Kingdom 3. Animalia
Kingdom 4. Biliphyta
Kingdom 5. Viridiplantae
Kingdom 6. Euglenozoa
Kingdom 7. Protozoa
Kingdom 8. Cryptophyta
Kingdom 9. Chromophyta
Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 476-477]
Superkingdom Eukaryota
Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
Kingdom 3. Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa + Protozoa)
Kingdom 5. Animalia
Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 478]
Superkingdom Eukaryota
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Viridiplantae
Phylum Chlorophyta
Phylum Bryophyta
Phylum Tracheophyta
Kingdom Biliphyta
Phylum Biliphyta
Class Rhodophyceae
Class Glaocophyceae
Kingdom Chromista
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Euglenozoa
Kingdom Protozoa
Cavalier-Smith (1998)
From A revised six-kingdom system of life, [5].
Empire or Superkingdom Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae Haeckel 1866 em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
Subkingdom 1. Biliphyta Cavalier-Smith 1981 [probably paraphyletic]
Infrakingdom 1. Glaucophyta infraking. nov.
Infrakingdom 2. Rhodophyta infraking. nov.
Subkingdom 2. Viridaeplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981
Infrakingdom 1. Chlorophyta Cavalier-Smith 1993
Infrakingdom 2. Cormophyta Endlicher 1836 stat. nov.
Hausmann et al. (2003)
From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.
Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)
Phylum Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981 (Chlorobionta)
Subphylum Chlorophyta Pascher, 1914
Prasinomads
Class Ulvophyceae Mattox & Stewart, 1984
Class Trebouxiophyceae Friedl,1995
Class Chlorophyceae Christensen, 1994 (Phytomonadea)
Order Volvocida France, 1894 (Volvocales)
Order Chlorococcales Marchand, 1895
Subphylum Streptophyta Jeffrey, 1982
Class Mesostigmatophyceae Marin & Melkonian, 1999
Class Chlorokybophyceae Bremer, 1985
Class Klebsormidiophyceae van den Hoek et al., 1995
Class Conjugatophyceae Engler, 1892 (Zygnematophyceae)
Ruggiero et al. (2015)
Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 Open access. [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 Open access.] Reference page.
Superkingdom Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
Subkingdom Biliphyta
Phylum Glaucophyta
Phylum Rhodophyta
Subkingdom Viridiplantae
Infrakingdom Chlorophyta
Infrakingdom Streptophyta
Superphylum Charophyta
Superphylum Embryophyta
Phylum Anthocerotophyta
Phylum Bryophyta
Phylum Marchantiophyta
Phylum Tracheophyta
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