Microloma

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Gentianales

Familia: Apocynaceae
Subfamilia: Asclepiadoideae
Tribus: Asclepiadeae
Subtribus: Astephaninae
Genus: Microloma
Species: M. armatum – M. calycinum – M. hereroense – M. incanum – M. lanatum – M. longituba – M. namaquense – M. penicillatum – M. poicilanthum – M. sagittatum – M. tenuifolium

Nothospecies: M. × archeri
Name

Microloma R.Br., Asclepiad. 42. (1810)

Type species: Microloma sagittatum (L.) R.Br., Asclepiadeae: 42 (1810)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Haemax E.Mey., Comment. Pl. Africae Austr. 223. 14-20 (1838)

References

Brown, R. 1810. On the Asclepiadeae 42.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2017. Microloma in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2017 Sept. 2. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2017. Microloma. Published online. Accessed: Sept. 2 2017.
Tropicos.org 2017. Microloma. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2017 Sept. 2.
Farr, E. R. and Zijlstra, G. eds. (1996-) Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). 2009 Aug 22 [1].

Microloma is a small genus of Ceropegia-like twiners and twiggy bushes occurring in mainly arid or fynbos regions in South Africa. They are generally nondescript when not in bloom, but the flowers of most species are incongruously decorative.
Overview

Microloma R. Br. in Mem. Werner. Soc.1: 53, (1809), is a genus of herbaceous perennial, dicotyledonous plants . Microloma species were originally described as members of the genus Ceropegia, in the family Asclepiadaceae, but Brown separated them and created the new genus, still in the family Asclepiadaceae.[1] More recently the Asclepiadaceae have been re-classified as the subfamily Asclepiadoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae.
Microloma tenuifolium growing in a tangle without support where fire had removed fynbos scrub a year earlier. Usually the stems would be twining around the branches of perennials.
Microloma calycinum, a species from an arid region
Microloma sagittatum in flower, twining in mixed fynbos thicket

Common names of Microloma species are various and regional; Manning mentions "wax creeper" and "melktou" (literally "milk-string", a curious name because the plants do not in general produce latex).[2] Other names include "wax twiner" and "bokhorinkies" (literally "little goat- or antelope-horns, a reference to the shape of the fruit). Marloth said: "The Dutch name is suikerkannetje, as the flower produces so much nectar that in the morning one may shake out a drop of it from each flower."[3] "Suikerkannetje" means little "sugar-can". Marloth adds:"In spite of this proffered feast, visitors are rare and one must have much patience if one wants to know who the visitors are that respond to the invitation — they are small moths and tiny butterflies like the Lycaena or still smaller kinds." More recent work however has shown that such insects are incidental visitors; the main pollinators are sunbirds; the pollinia stick to their tongues in a striking example of specialised mutualism.[2]

Microlomas are perennials. Some are delicate twiners and some are shrublets; Microloma massonii (now = Microloma armatum) is so densely branched, with the branches so spiny at their tips, that the colloquial name is "ystervarkbossie", meaning "porcupine bush".[4] Unlike many of the Asclepiadoideae Microlomas have clear sap without any conspicuous latex. Their leaves are opposite, usually sessile and simple.[2] The inflorescences are umbel-like cymes, borne outside the axils. The flowers usually are red or reddish, sometimes yellow, orange or pink. There are five sepals, with the corolla usually longer than the calyx. The five petals are usually glossily waxy, consistently with some of the common names. The corolla tube is usually pentagonal and urn-shaped or oblong, with tufts of downward-pointing hairs low down in the tube opposite the lobes. The petals are arranged spirally and practically close the tube. The stamens arise from the base of the corolla. The anthers generally are sagittate at their bases, and bear pollinia.[5]

Most species grow a fascicle of fleshy roots around the base of the stem and thus may shed shoots and leaves in dry seasons or when fires pass over.[3]
Traditional uses

An infusion of the fleshy root fascicle of Microloma saggittatum has been used in traditional medicine for relief of griping pains in the abdomen. The infusion is red in colour. If water is unavailable the patient may chew a piece of the root instead.[6]

Country children would suck the very sweet nectar from the flower clusters of some species. This was rather as a treat or a whim than as a serious contribution to their nutrition, because the plants are small and not usually plentiful.

Species[7]

Microloma burchellii N.E.Br. - South Africa
Microloma calycinum E.Mey. - near Goedemanskraal in Western Cape Province
Microloma gibbosum N.E.Br. - South Africa
Microloma glabratum E.Mey. - Western Cape Province
Microloma hereroense Wanntorp - Namibia
Microloma incanum Decne.- South Africa
Microloma longitubum Schltr. - Namibia
Microloma namaquense H.Bol. - Namibia, Western Cape Province
Microloma penicillatum Schltr. - Damaraland in Namibia
Microloma poicilanthum Huber - Damaraland in Namibia
Microloma sagittatum (L.) R.Br. - South Africa
Microloma tenuifolium (L.) K.Schum. - South Africa

formerly included[7]

Microloma pyrotechnicum (Forssk.) Spreng, synonym of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.

References

Brown, Robert; The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown Vol. II.; Published for the Ray Society 1867. [1]
Manning, John (2008). Field Guide to Fynbos. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. ISBN 978-1-77007-265-7.
Marloth, Rudolf. “The Flora of South Africa” 1932 Pub. Cape Town: Darter Bros. London: Wheldon & Wesley.
Hobson, Nigel (1975). Veld Plants of Southern Africa. Johannesburg: Macmillan South Africa. ISBN 0-86954-013-0.
Dyer, R. Allen, “The Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants”. ISBN 0-621-02854-1, 1975
Watt, John Mitchell; Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962
The Plant List, genus Microloma