Symphonia globulifera

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Malpighiales

Familia: Clusiaceae
Tribus: Symphonieae
Genus: Symphonia
Species: Symphonia globulifera
Varietas: S. g. var. angustifolia
Name

Symphonia globulifera L.f., Suppl. Pl. 302 1781 [1782]
Synonyms

Actinostigma speciosum Welw.
Aneuriscus aubletii Presl
Aneuriscus exserens Presl
Moronobea exserens (Presl) Endl. ex Walp.
Moronobea globulifera (L. fil.) Schecht.
Moronobea macoubea Miq. ex Vesque
Symphonia esculenta Arruda ex DC.
Symphonia gabonensis Pierre
Symphonia microphylla R. E. Schult.
Symphonia utilissima R. E. Schult.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Africa
Regional: Tropical Africa
Benin, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo (Brazzaville), D.R.Congo (Zaire), Central African Republic, N-Angola, Uganda, Tanzania, Bioko Isl. (Fernando Poo), Sao Tome, Principe Isl., Zambia, Chad,
Continental: Southern America
Hispaniola, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia), Trinidad, Peru, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, Ecuador, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Caquet, Cauca, Choc, Nario, Putumayo, Valle, Vaups, Vichada), Belize, Panama, N-Brazil (Roraima, Para, Amazonas, Tocantins, Acre), NE-Brazil (Maranhao, Bahia, Alagoas, Sergipe), WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso), SE-Brazil (Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro), Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro, Distrito Federal, Monagas, Sucre), Costa Rica
Regional: Northern America
Mexico (Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz)

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. (filius) 1782 ["1781"]. Supplementum Plantarum systematis vegetabilium editionis decimae tertiae, generum plantarum editionis sextae, et specierum plantarum editionis secundae. [XVI]+468 pp. Impensis Orphanotrophei, Brunsvigae [Braunschweig]. BHL Reference page. : 302.

Links

Hassler, M. 2019. Symphonia globulifera. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 October 20. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Symphonia globulifera in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 October 20. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Symphonia globulifera. Published online. Accessed: October 20 2019.
Tropicos.org 2019. Symphonia globulifera. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 October 20.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Symphonia globulifera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 09-Oct-10.

Vernacular names
English: Boar wood

Symphonia globulifera, commonly known as boarwood,[1] is a timber tree abundant in Central America, the Caribbean, South America and Africa. This plant is also used as a medicinal plant and ornamental plant.

Common names

Common trade names of the wood of the Symphonia globulifera are: chewstick, chestick, manni, and Árbol de Leche Maria.
Distribution

Symphonia globulifera is abundant in the Americas (from Mexico and the Caribbean south to Ecuador) and Africa (from Liberia east to Uganda and south to Angola).[1]
Population genetics

S. globulifera is highly structured across Mesoamerica and the Caribbean, while the eastern foothills of the Andes show little diversity.[6]
See also

List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil

References

Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Symphonia globulifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T63072A149040413. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T63072A149040413.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
"Symphonia globulifera L.f. record n° 8167". African Plants Database. South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (1987-02-20). "Taxon: Symphonia globulifera L. f." Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
"Symphonia globulifera L. f." Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
"Symphonia globulifera L.f." Classificação segundo a Flora brasiliensis. Retrieved 2008-05-12.

Pennington, R. Toby; Lavin, Matt; Oliveira-Filho, Ary (2009). "Woody Plant Diversity, Evolution, and Ecology in the Tropics: Perspectives from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. Annual Reviews. 40 (1): 437–457. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120327. ISSN 1543-592X.

External links
"Symphonia globulifera". La Selva Digital Flora. Estación Biológica La Selva. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
"Symphonia globulifera Linn. f." Linnean herbarium (S-LINN). Swedish Museum of Natural History. 2002-04-23. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
FOURNIER, L.A. "Symphonia globulifera". Species Descriptions. Universidad de Costa Rica. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved 2008-05-12.

Symphonia globulifera, commonly known as boarwood,[1] is a timber tree abundant in Central America, the Caribbean, South America and Africa. This plant is also used as a medicinal plant and ornamental plant.

Common names

Common trade names of the wood of the Symphonia globulifera are: chewstick, chestick, manni, and Árbol de Leche Maria.
Distribution

Symphonia globulifera is abundant in the Americas (from Mexico and the Caribbean south to Ecuador) and Africa (from Liberia east to Uganda and south to Angola).[1]
Population genetics

S. globulifera is highly structured across Mesoamerica and the Caribbean, while the eastern foothills of the Andes show little diversity.[6]
See also

List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil

References

Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Symphonia globulifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T63072A149040413. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T63072A149040413.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
"Symphonia globulifera L.f. record n° 8167". African Plants Database. South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (1987-02-20). "Taxon: Symphonia globulifera L. f." Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
"Symphonia globulifera L. f." Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
"Symphonia globulifera L.f." Classificação segundo a Flora brasiliensis. Retrieved 2008-05-12.

Pennington, R. Toby; Lavin, Matt; Oliveira-Filho, Ary (2009). "Woody Plant Diversity, Evolution, and Ecology in the Tropics: Perspectives from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. Annual Reviews. 40 (1): 437–457. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120327. ISSN 1543-592X.

External links
"Symphonia globulifera". La Selva Digital Flora. Estación Biológica La Selva. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
"Symphonia globulifera Linn. f." Linnean herbarium (S-LINN). Swedish Museum of Natural History. 2002-04-23. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
FOURNIER, L.A. "Symphonia globulifera". Species Descriptions. Universidad de Costa Rica. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved 2008-05-12.