Syzygium jambos

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Myrtales

Familia: Myrtaceae
Subfamilia: Myrtoideae
Tribus: Syzygieae
Genus: Syzygium
Subgenus: S. subg. Syzygium
Sectio: S. sect. Jambosa
Species: Syzygium jambos
Name

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 115. 1931. (as S. Jambos)
Synonymy

Basionym
Eugenia jambos L., Sp. Pl. 1: 470. 1753. (as Jambos)

Homotypic
Caryophyllus jambos (L.) Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 73. 1812. (as Caryophyllus Jambos)
Myrtus jambos (L.) Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 6(25): 144. 1823. (as Myrtus Jambos)
Jambosa jambos (L.) Millsp., Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser. 2(1): 80. 1900. (as Jambosa Jambos)
Plinia jambos (L.) M.Gómez, Fl. Haban. 292; cf. Maza & Roig, Fl. Cuba (Bol. Secr. Agric. Comerc. Trab.,Cuba, No. 22) 51. 1914, in syn.

Heterotypic
Jambosa vulgaris DC., Prod. (de Candolle) 3: 286. 1828.
Syzygium jambos var. linearilimbum Hung T. Chang & R. H. Miao, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 17. 1982.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Asia-Temperate
China
China South-Central.
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, Nepal.
Indo-China
Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Malesia
Borneo, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Sumatera.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Kunth, C.S. 1823. Myrtaceae. Pp. 129–152 in Humboldt, A., Bonpland, A. & Kunth, C.S., Nova genera et species plantarum, quas in peregrinatione ad plagam aequinoctialem orbis novi collegerunt, descripserunt, partim adumbraverunt Amat. Bonpland et Alex. de Humboldt, Tomus 6 (quarto ed.). Apud Gide filium, Lutetiae Parisiorum [Paris]. BHL Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Tomus I. Pp. [I–XII], 1–560. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm]. BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. 2012. Myrtaceae. In Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 576–608. BHL Reference page.
Barrie, F.R. 2007. Myrtaceae. Pp. 728–784 in Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.), Manual de plantas de Costa Rica, Vol. VI, Dicotiledóneas (Haloragaceae–Phytolaccaceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. ISBN 978-1-930723-60-3. Reference page.
Chen, J. & Craven, L.A. 2007. Myrtaceae. Pp. 321–359 in Wu, Z.-Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.-Y. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 13, Clusiaceae through Araliaceae. Science Press, Beijing; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7. PDF Online Reference page.

Links

International Plant Names Index. 2018. Syzygium jambos. Published online. Accessed: 24 March 2018.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2018. Syzygium jambos in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 03 30. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Syzygium jambos in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 2018-03-24.
Hassler, M. 2018. Syzygium jambos. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 June 22. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2018. Syzygium jambos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 24 March 2018.

Note:

By Chen & Craven (2007), Syzygium tripinnatum is included here as a variety.
Vernacular names
বাংলা: গোলাপজাম
English: Malabar Plum, Rose Apple
suomi: Rusojambolaani
français: Jambosier, Pomme rose
Bahasa, Indonesia: Jambu mawar
日本語: フトモモ
മലയാളം: പനിനീർ ചാമ്പ
Bahasa Melayu: Pokok Jambu Mawar
नेपाली: गुलाब जामुन
Nederlands: rozenappel, djamboe aer mawar
polski: Czapetka jambos
português: Jambo
русский: Розовое яблоко
svenska: Rosenäpple
ไทย: ชมพู่
lea faka-Tonga: Fekika papālangi
Tiếng Việt: Doi hoa vàng
中文: 蒲桃

Syzygium jambos is a species of rose apple originating in Southeast Asia and occurring widely elsewhere, having been introduced as an ornamental and fruit tree.[2]

Botanical names

Syzygium jambos

Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Syzygium
Species: jambos
Synonym: Eugenia jambos
Synonym: Jambosa jambos
Synonym: Jambosa vulgaris
Synonym: Myrtus jambos [3]

The tree has variously been allocated to the genus Jambosa, Eugenia[4] and Syzygium, where it now seems to have been permanently accepted. There have been a few species ascribed to it, but currently several varieties with various fruit colours all are recognised as Syzygium jambos.
Common names

Syzygium jambos has several common names, reflecting the large number of regions in which it occurs as a garden or fruit tree or as an invader. The names include ಪನ್ನೇರಳೆ , Guljamun , madhura nelli, Malabar Plum, Panineer Champakka, Mountain Apple (champoo), chom pu or chom-phu. Terms like "plum rose", "water apple", "pera de agua", "Cloud apple", "Wax apple", "Malay apple", "jambrosade", "PauTêe"(Penang Hokkien spelled with Taiwanese Romanisation System), "pomarrosa", or the English equivalent, "rose apple". Several of these names also are applied to other species of Syzygium,[2] while "jambu" can also mean a guava. The name Jambu for this fruit is in all likelihood limited to one or two of the twenty-odd major Indian languages, while most other languages use similar words (Jaamun, Jaambhool, etc.) for another fruit, smaller than the rose apple, and dark purple in colour like the fruit of the eggplant. In Bangla, the fruit is called "golap-jaam" (Bengali: গোলাপজাম) and in Odia, it is called "Golapajamu" (Odia: ଗୋଲାପଜାମୁ), which literally translate to "rose jaamun", in reference to its distinct aroma. In Karnataka the English common name is "rose apple", and the vernacular name is Pannerale (Paneer hannu), while the name for the other one is Nerale. Such a confusion of common names in horticulture is nothing unusual.

In the Philippines, it is locally called as yambo, dambo or tampoy.[2][5] Always confused with macopa, a closely related fruit (Syzygium samarangense), Syzygium jambos is not widely cultivated and can only be encountered in rural areas. It is the namesake of Lake Yambo, one of the Seven Lakes of San Pablo City, Laguna

In Maldives, it is called Jambu in Dhivehi, and its cousin fruit is called Jamburol, the water apple or wax apple.

It is also known as পানী জামুক Pani Jamuk in Assamese.
Description
Syzygium jambos Foliage and fruit. The young leaves are a glossy red when growing, but turn dark green when mature.

Syzygium jambos is a large shrub or small-to-medium-sized tree, typically three to 15 metres high, with a tendency to low branching. Its leaves and twigs are glabrous and the bark, though dark brown, is fairly smooth too, with little relief or texture. The leaves are lanceolate, 2 cm to 4 cm broad, 10 cm to 20 cm long, pointed, base cuneate with hardly any petiole, lively red when growing, but dark, glossy green on attaining full size. The flowers are in small terminal clusters, white or greenish white, the long, numerous stamens giving them a diameter of 5 – 8 cm. In temperate regions the tree is summer-flowering.[4]

The edible fruit of Syzygium jambos is shaped like some kinds of guava; in fact, the fruit is so like the guava in appearance that people unfamiliar with it may mistake it for a guava on sight. However, the fragrance, flavour and texture are different, and instead of containing dozens of small, hard seeds set in a jelly-like tissue, as a guava does, the fruit of Syzygium jambos usually contains one or two large, unarmoured seeds about a cm in diameter, lying loose in a slightly fluffy cavity when ripe. Shaking a fruit to feel whether the seeds rattle, gives some indication whether it is ripe. The skin is thin and waxy. The flowers are described by some as fragrant, though this appears to be a variable attribute. The ripe fruit, however, has a strong, pleasant floral bouquet, hence such common names as "Rose apple"[6] and "pomarrosa".
Rose-apple seeds
Varieties
Rose-apples, ripe

There are many varieties of Syzygium jambos worldwide, including nondescript feral trees. In Thailand the commonest cultivated variety bears a pale green fruit. Malaysian varieties generally have red skins. In many regions the fruit is a shade of pale yellow, often with a slight blush. The skin is thin and waxy, and the hollow core contains a small amount of insignificant fluff. The flesh is crisp and watery, and the taste is characteristic, which leads to some fanciful descriptions such as: "like a cross between nashi and bell pepper, with a very mild rose scent and a slightly bitter aftertaste."

Distribution
Syzygium jambos fruit with mature green leaves

It has also been introduced widely on every continent except Antarctica, and it has become established and invasive in several regions. Concern has been expressed concerning the threat to several ecosystems, including those on several Hawaiian islands, Réunion, the Galápagos Islands, parts of Australia and the warmer regions of the Americas. However, in Hawaii, it has been almost wiped out by the introduced rust Puccinia psidii.[7]

Uses

Rich in vitamin C, the fruit can be eaten raw or used in various regional recipes. In South-East Asian countries, rose apple fruit is frequently served with spiced sugar.

The wood is dense and accordingly is used as a source of charcoal.

The tree is variously rich in tannins that are of some antimicrobial interest. Some parts of the tree are used in regional traditional medicine.

References

Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Syzygium jambos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T49487025A144800316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T49487025A144800316.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Janick, Jules. Paull, Robert E. The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Publisher: CABI 2008. ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7
Link text, additional text.
Chittenden, Fred J. Ed., Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening, Oxford 1951
"Tampoi, Syzygium jambos (Linn.) Alston, ROSE APPLE, Pu tao / Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Alternative Medicine". www.stuartxchange.org. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1964). Tropical Trees of Hawaii. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 54.
Loope, L.L. (2010). A Summary of Information on the Rust Puccinia psidii Winter (Guava Rust) with Emphasis on Means to Prevent Introduction of Additional Strains to Hawaii. USGS. Retrieved 26 February 2017.