Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Subclassis: Acari
Superordo: Parasitiformes
Subordo: Ixodida
Superfamilia: Ixodoidea
Familia: Ixodidae
Subfamiliae: Amblyomminae - Bothriocrotoninae - Haemaphysalinae - Hyalomminae - Ixodinae - Rhipicephalinae
Genera incertae sedis: †Compluriscutula
Genera overview: Amblyomma – Anomalohimalaya – Archaeocroton – Bothriocroton – Cosmiomma – Dermacentor – Haemaphysalis – Hyalomma – Ixodes – Margaropus – Nosomma – Rhipicentor – Rhipicephalus – Robertsicus – †Cornupalpatum – †Compluriscutula
Name
Ixodidae Koch, 1844
References
References
Koch, C.L. 1844: Systematische Übersicht über die Ordnung der Zecken. Arch. Naturgesch., Berlin, vol. 10 (1) : pp. 217-239. link
Other references
Barker, S.C. & Burger, T.D. 2018. Two new genera of hard ticks, Robertsicus n. gen. and Archaeocroton n. gen., and the solution to the mystery of Hoogstraal’s and Kaufman’s “primitive” tick from the Carpathian Mountains. Zootaxa 4500(4): 543–552. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4500.4.4 Paywall Reference page.
Neumann, L. G. 1911: Ixodidae. In: Das Tierreich; im Auftrage der Königl. Preuss. Akad. d. Wissenschr. zu Berlin., 26: 169pp.
Estrada-Peña A, Jongejan F., 1999, Ticks feeding on humans: a review of records on human-biting Ixodoidea with special reference to pathogen transmission. Exp Appl Acarol, Vol. 23(9), pp. 685-715.
Guglielmone, A.A.; Nava, S. 2014: Names for Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): valid, synonyms, incertae sedis, nomina dubia, nomina nuda, lapsus, incorrect and suppressed names — with notes on confusions and misidentifications. Zootaxa 3767(1): 1–256. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3767.1.1 Reference page.
Guglielmone, A.A. et al. 2010: The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the world: a list of valid species names. Zootaxa, 2528: 1–28. Preview
Guglielmone, A.A., Petney, T.N., Mastropaolo, M. & Robbins, R.G. 2017. Genera, subgenera, species and subspecies of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) described, named, renamed or given new rank by Paul Schulze (1887–1949) and their current status. Zootaxa 4325(1): 1–66. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4325.1.1. Reference page.
Heath, A.C.G., Palma, R.L., Cane, R.P. & Hardwick, S. 2015. ALLEN C.G. HEATH, RICARDO L. PALMA, RACHEL P. CANE & SCOTT HARDWICK (2011) CHECKLIST OF NEW ZEALAND TICKS (ACARI: IXODIDAE, ARGASIDAE). Zootaxa, 2995: 55–63. (ERRATUM) Zootaxa 4021(4): 600–600. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4021.4.11. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Petney, T.N. et al. 2010: The role of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.) in the dissemination of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in Germany. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 15: 31–35. ISSN: 1362-1971 Abstract
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Schildzecken
English: Hard ticks
español: Ixódido
français: Ixodidés
Türkçe: Yaz kenesigiller
The Ixodidae are the family of hard ticks or scale ticks,[1] one of the three families of ticks, consisting of over 700 species. They are known as 'hard ticks' because they have a scutum or hard shield, which the other major family of ticks, the 'soft ticks' (Argasidae), lack. They are ectoparasites of a wide range of host species, and some are vectors of pathogens that can cause human disease.
Description
They are distinguished from the Argasidae by the presence of a scutum.[2] In both the nymph and the adult, a prominent gnathosoma (or capitulum, mouth and feeding parts) projects forward from the animal's body; in the Argasidae, conversely, the gnathosoma is concealed beneath the body.
They differ, too, in their lifecycle; Ixodidae that attach to a host bite painlessly and are generally unnoticed, and they remain in place until they engorge and are ready to change their skin; this process may take days or weeks. Some species drop off the host to moult in a safe place, whereas others remain on the same host and only drop off once they are ready to lay their eggs.
Classification
Ixodid wynaad.jpg
There are 702 species in 17 genera.[3] The family contains these genera:[3]
Africaniella – two species
Amblyomma – 130 species (includes some of Aponomma)
Anomalohimalaya – three species
Archaeocroton – one species
Bothriocroton – seven species
Cosmiomma – one species
Cornupalpatum – one species
Compluriscutula – one species
Dermacentor – 34 species (includes Anocentor)
Haemaphysalis – 166 species
Hyalomma – 27 species
Ixodes – 246 species
Margaropus – three species
Nosomma – two species
Rhipicentor – two species
Rhipicephalus – 82 species (includes Boophilus)
Robertsicus – one species
Fossil genera
†Compluriscutula Poinar and Buckley 2008 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Cornupalpatum Poinar and Brown 2003 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
Medical importance
See also: Tick-borne disease
Many hard ticks are of considerable medical importance, acting as vectors of diseases caused by bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, such as Rickettsia and Borrelia.[2] The saliva of female ticks is toxic, causing ascending paralysis in animals and people, known as tick paralysis. Tick species that are commonly associated with tick paralysis are Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor occidentalis, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes holocyclus.[4]
Other tick-borne diseases include Lyme disease, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, Southern tick-associated rash illness, tick-borne relapsing fever, tularemia, Colorado tick fever, Powassan encephalitis, and Q fever.[5]
See also
iconArthropods portal
Ticks of domestic animals
References
"Ixodidae". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2017. "Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia; Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Chelicerata; Arachnida; Acari; Parasitiformes; Ixodida; Ixodoidea"
D. H. Molyneux (1993). "Vectors". In Francis E. G. Cox (ed.). Modern parasitology: a textbook of parasitology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 53–74. ISBN 978-0-632-02585-5. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Alberto A. Guglielmone; Richard G. Robbing; Dmitry A. Apanaskevich; Trevor N. Petney; Agustín Estrada-Peña; Ivan G. Horak; Renfu Shao; Stephen C. Barker (2010). "The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the world: a list of valid species names" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2528: 1–28. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2528.1.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2015-06-28.
Sirois, Margi (2015). Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
"CDC - Tick-Borne Diseases - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic". www.cdc.gov. 2018-11-14. Archived from the original on 2019-07-01. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
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