Melanotaeniidae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Ovalentaria
Superordo: Atherinomorphae
Ordo: Atheriniformes
Subordo: Atherinoidei

Familia: Melanotaeniidae
Genera (7): Cairnsichthys – Chilatherina – Glossolepis – Iriatherina – Melanotaenia – Pelangia – Rhadinocentrus
Name

Melanotaeniidae Gill, 1894
originally described as subfamily Melanotaeniinae.

References

Gill, T. N.; 1894: An Australasian sub-family of fresh-water atherinoid fishes. American Naturalist, 28 (332): 708–709. [1]
Unmac, P. J., Allen, G. R. & Johnson, G. B.; (in press): Phylogeny and biogeography of rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae) from Australia and New Guinea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Available online 8 January 2013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.019
Genera of Melanotaeniidae (including synonyms) in Catalog of Fishes, Eschmeyer, W.N., Fricke, R. & van der Laan, R. (eds.) 2023. Catalog of Fishes electronic version.
Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the World, fourth edition. John Wiley, Hoboken, 624 pp. ISBN 0-471-25031-7. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9. Reference page.

Vernacular names
čeština: Duhovkovití
Deutsch: Regenbogenfische
español: Rainbowfishes
polski: tęczankowate

Rainbowfishes are small, colourful freshwater fishes belonging to the family Melanotaeniidae, found in northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea (including islands in Cenderawasih Bay and Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia), Sulawesi and Madagascar.

The largest rainbowfish genus, Melanotaenia, derives from the ancient Greek melano (black) and taenia (banded). Translated, it means "black-banded", and is a reference to the often striking lateral black bands that run along the bodies of those in the genus Melanotaenia.
Characteristics

The Melanotaeniidae is characterised by having their distal premaxillary teeth enlarged. They have a compressed body with the two dorsal fins being separated but with only a small gap between them. There are 3–7 spines in the first dorsal fin while the second has 6–22 rays, with the first ray being a stout spine in some species, the anal fin has 10–30 rays and, again, the first may be a stout spine in some species. The lateral line is either weakly developed or absent. They have comparatively large scales and these number 28–60 in the lateral series. The pelvic fins are attached to the fish’s abdomen by a membrane which runs along the length of the innermost ray and this is a feature which can be used to separate rainbowfishes from silversides, although the membrane is easily torn. The majority of the species in this family demonstrate conspicuous sexual dimorphism, with the males usually being the more colorful sex and also showing an elongated median fin ray.[1]

Most species of rainbowfish are less than 12 cm (4.7 in) in length, with some species measuring less than 6 cm (2.4 in), while one species, Melanotaenia vanheurni, reaches lengths of up to 20 cm (7.9 in). They live in a wide range of freshwater habitats, including rivers, lakes, and swamps. Although they spawn all year round, they lay a particularly large number of eggs at the start of the local rainy season. The eggs are attached to aquatic vegetation, and hatch seven to 18 days later. Rainbowfish are generalized omnivores, feeding on small crustaceans, insect larvae, and algae.[2]

Melanotaenia, Pseudomugil, and several other genera of rainbowfish include species that regularly appear in the aquarium trade. In the wild, some rainbowfish populations have been severely affected by the aggressive introduced eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), tilapia cichlids, and pollution.
Bedotia sp a Madagascar rainbowfish
Classification

Melanotaeniidae is divided into a number of subfamilies; these families have been considered by some authorities to separate families, but the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World classifies these as subfamilies of a single family as they form a monophyletic group or clade. They are therefore classified as follows:[1]

Subfamily Bedotiinae Jordan & Hubbs, 1919 Madagascar rainbowfishes
Genus Bedotia Regan, 1903
Genus Rheocles Jordan & Hubbs, 1919
Subfamily Melanotaeniinae Gill, 1894 Rainbowfishes
Genus Chilatherina Regan, 1914
Genus Glossolepis M. C. W. Weber, 1907
Genus Melanotaenia T.N. Gill, 1862
Genus Cairnsichthys G. R. Allen, 1980
Genus Rhadinocentrus Regan, 1914
Genus Iriatherina Meinken, 1974
Genus Pelangia G. R. Allen, 1998
Subfamily Pseudomugilinae Kner, 1867 Blue-eyes
Genus Kiunga G. R. Allen, 1983
Genus Pseudomugil Kner, 1866
Genus Scaturiginichthys Ivantsoff, Unmack, Saeed & Crowley, 1991
Subfamily Telmatherininae Munro, 1958 Celebes rainbowfishes
Genus Kalyptatherina Saeed & Ivantsoff, 1991
Genus Marosatherina Aarn, Ivantsoff & Kottelat, 1998
Genus Paratherina Kottelat, 1990
Genus Telmatherina Boulenger, 1897
Genus Tominanga Kottelat, 1990

Behaviour in captivity
Rainbow fish
Rainbow fish in aquarium

Rainbowfish usually do best with tropical community fish, such as tetras, guppies, and other rainbowfish. However, two males may sometimes fight at breeding season if there are not enough females. Rainbowfish usually eat floating flakes in captivity, because in the wild they will often eat insects floating on the surface.

In a home setting, these fish need well-oxygenated water with a pH level of 6.8 - 7.2, optimal temperatures varying between 72-82°F (22-28°C), and plenty of aquatic plants to give them hiding places amid their school. If properly cared for, Rainbowfish can live up to 5 years in captivity.[3]
References

J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 358–363. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Allen, Gerald R. (1998). Paxton, J. R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 155–156. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.

Staff, Culturalist Press (2023-01-25). "The beautiful Australian Rainbowfish: A primer". Technology, gaming, politics, food & more. Retrieved 2023-01-30.

External links

ANGFA – Australia New Guinea Fishes Association, an international organization responsible for the quarterly publication of the color journal Fishes of Sahul and a quarterly newsletter devoted to the keeping and discussion of native fishes in Australia and New Guinea (the geographical region known as Sahul)
Home of the Rainbowfish – Adrian Tappin's extensive information pages which promote the aquarium keeping, study and conservation of the rainbowfish species of Australia and New Guinea, and provide free and valuable information to the general public
Rainbowfish Species Easy to use information on keeping rainbowfish in the aquarium
Rainbowfish discussion forum
Rainbowfish discussion forum (mostly Europeans & Australians)