Daphne mezereum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Malvales

Familia: Thymelaeaceae
Genus: Daphne
Species: Daphne mezereum
Subspecies: D. m. subsp. mezereum – D. m. subsp. rechingeri
Name

Daphne mezereum L., Species Plantarum 1: 356. (1753)
Synonyms

Homotypic
Daphne florida Salisb., Prodr. 281. (1796), nom. illeg.
Thymelaea mezereum (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 277. (1771)

References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 356. Reference page.

Vernacular names
العربية: مازريون
azərbaycanca: Adi canavargiləsi, Daphne florida, Daphne lateriflora, Daphne liottardi, Thymelaea praecox, Daphne albiflora, Daphne houtteana, Thymelaea mezereum, Mezereum officinarum
башҡортса: Бүре еләге
беларуская: Ваўчаягада звычайная
български: Бясно дърво, Див люляк, Вълче лико
català: Tintorell
čeština: lýkovec jedovatý
Cymraeg: Bliwlys
dansk: Peberbusk
Deutsch: Echter Seidelbast, Gewöhnlicher Seidelbast, Gemeiner Seidelbast, Echt-Seidelbast, Kellerhals
English: February daphne, mezereon, spurge daphne, spurge laurel, spurge olive
Esperanto: Mezereo
español: mezereón, matacabras, laureola hembra, leño gentil, mecereon
eesti: Harilik näsiniin, Näsiniin
euskara: Ereinoztxo
suomi: Lehtonäsiä, näsiä, riidenmarja
arpetan: Pequins des sèrpents
français: Bois joli, Bois-joli, Bois gentil, Bois-gentil
hornjoserbsce: Zažny łyknowc, Wjelči kerk, Popjerjowe drjewo
magyar: farkasboroszlán
հայերեն: գայլահատ մահացու
Ido: Mezereono
italiano: Fior di stecco, Dafne mezereo
日本語: セイヨウオニシバリ, セイヨウオニバシリ
lietuvių: Paprastasis žalčialunkis
latviešu: Parastā zalktene
norsk bokmål: Tysbast
Nederlands: Rood Peperboompje
ирон: Цæстурсгæнæн
polski: wawrzynek wilczełyko, wawrzynek wilcze łyko
русский: Волчеягодник обыкновенный, Волчник обыкновенный, Волчье лыко обыкновенное, Волчеягодник смертельный, Волчье лыко
slovenčina: lykovec jedovatý
shqip: Jargavan mali
svenska: Tibast
Türkçe: Mezeryon
українська: Вовчі ягоди звичайні, Вовче лико
vepsän kel’: Kägennin'
Tiếng Việt: Thụy hương Á-Âu

Daphne mezereum, commonly known as mezereum, mezereon,[2] February daphne, spurge laurel or spurge olive,[3] is a species of Daphne in the flowering plant family Thymelaeaceae, native to most of Europe and Western Asia, north to northern Scandinavia and Russia. In southern Europe it is confined to medium to higher elevations and in the subalpine vegetation zone, but descends to near sea level in northern Europe. It is generally confined to soils derived from limestone.

Description

It is a deciduous shrub growing to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are soft, 3–8 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, arranged spirally on the stems. The flowers are produced in early spring on the bare stems before the leaves appear. They have a four-lobed pink or light purple (rarely white) perianth 10–15 mm diameter, and are strongly scented. The fruit is a bright red berry 7–12 mm diameter; it is very poisonous for humans, though fruit-eating birds like thrushes are immune and eat them, dispersing the seeds in their droppings.
Toxicity

Daphne mezereum is very toxic because of the compounds mezerein and daphnin present especially in the berries and twigs. If poisoned, victims experience a choking sensation. Handling the fresh twigs can cause rashes and eczema in sensitive individuals. Despite this, it is commonly grown as an ornamental plant in gardens for its attractive flowers. The native wild version became a protected species in the UK in 1975 under the Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act.[4]
Symptoms of poisoning

Ingestion of plant parts leads within a few hours to severe irritation and a burning sensation in the mouth, with swelling of the lips and face, increased salivation, hoarseness and difficulty in swallowing. These symptoms are soon followed by severe abdominal pain, headache, numbness, nausea and bloody diarrhoea. Children (who may be poisoned by the attractive red fruits) often show additional narcotic symptoms with muscular twitching. Work by Frohne and Pfänder has determined that it is the chewed seed, not the fruit pulp, that is responsible for the severe symptoms in poisoning by the berries.[5][6]
1955 Case study involving consumption of flowers

A seven year old boy, who was admitted to hospital (Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg) after consuming several flowers of D. mezereum (number unspecified) at first exhibited symptoms very similar to acute appendicitis, with headache and abdominal pain.[5]

...a number of neurologically and psychically striking symptoms developed in the hours that followed: periods of complete disorientation and very severe motor unrest alternated with periods of complete clarity, with tetanoid fearfulness. Towards evening, signs of meningitis and finally generalised convulsions appeared. Very severe diarrhoea then heralded serious enteritis which only subsided after a week.[7]

Notes

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

"Daphne mezereum". The Plant List. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Nelson, Lewis S.; Weil, Andrew; Goldfrank, L.R.; Shih, Richard D.; Balick, Michael J. (18 December 2007). Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants. New York: Springer. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-387-31268-2. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Caithness CWS - Caithness Field Club - Annual Bulletins - 1975 - October - Conservation".
A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants : A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists, and Biologists by Frohne, Dietrich and Pfänder, Hans Jürgen of University of Kiel, translated from second German edition by Norman Grainger Bisset, London : a Wolfe Science Book and one of the volumes in the illustrated series Wolfe Atlases, pub. Wolfe Publishing Ltd. 1984. Pages 226-229.
Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Karl Kormann: Giftpflanzen Pflanzengifte. 6. überarbeitete Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6.

Nöller, H.G. 'Ein Seidelbastintoxikation beim Kinde' Monatschr. Kinderheilk. 103, 327-330 (1955). (Translation: 'Poisoning of a child by Daphne mezereum' Monthly Bulletin of Paediatrics no. 103.)

References

This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia.
Manfred A. Fischer: Exkursionsflora von Österreich, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6
Smeil, Fitschen: Flora von Deutschland, Heidelberg, Wiesbaden.