Pentanema britannicum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Asteroideae
Tribus: Inuleae
Subtribus: Inulinae
Genus: Pentanema
Species: Pentanema britannicum
Name

Pentanema britannicum (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort., Taxon 67(1): 159. (2018)
Synonyms

Basionym
Inula britannica L., Sp. Pl. 2: 882. (1753)
Homotypic
Aster britannicus (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. Oekon. Fl. Wetterau 3(1): 222. (1801)
Conyza britannica (L.) Moris ex Rupr.
Helenium britannicum (L.) Kuntze
Heterotypic
Aster orientalis S. G. Gmel.
Aster undulatus Moench
Helenium macrolepis (Bunge) Kuntze
Helenium microcephalum (Borb.) Kuntze
Helenium repandum Kuntze
Inula britannica var. angustifolia Becker
Inula britannica var. eglandulosa R.Nabiev
Inula britannica var. chinensis Regel
Inula britannica subsp. hispanica (Pau) O.Bolòs & Vigo
Inula britannica var. japonica (Thunb.) Franch. & Sav.
Inula britannica subsp. latifolia U.P.Pratov & R.Nabiev
Inula britannica var. longilepis R.Nabiev
Inula britannica var. microcephala Velen.
Inula britannica var. ramosissima Ledeb.
Inula britannica var. sericans Zalewski
Inula britannica f. sublanata (Kom.) Kitag.
Inula britannica var. sublanata Kom.
Inula britannica var. tymiensis Kudô
Inula chinensis (Komarov) Komarov
Inula comosa Lam.
Inula dichotoma Zuccagni
Inula encelioides Hornem. ex Ledeb.
Inula hirta Poll.
Inula macrolepis Bunge
Inula micranthos DC.
Inula microcephala Borb.
Inula oetteliana Rchb.
Inula orientalis Urv. ex Boiss.
Inula serrata Gilib.
Inula squarrosa Krock.
Inula tymiensis Kudô
Inula vaillantii Schur ex Nym.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:
References
Primary references

Gutiérrez-Larruscain, D., Santos-Vicente, M., Anderberg, A.A., Rico, E. & Martínez Ortega, M.M. 2018. Phylogeny of the Inula group (Asteraceae: Inuleae): Evidence from nuclear and plastid genomes and a recircumscription of Pentanema. Taxon 67(1): 149–164. DOI: 10.12705/671.9 Open access Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Pentanema britannicum in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Dec. 01. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2020. Pentanema britannicum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2020. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Dec. 01. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Pentanema britannicum. Published online. Accessed: Dec. 01 2020.
Tropicos.org 2020. Pentanema britannicum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Dec. 01.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Wiesen-Alant
English: British Elecampane, Meadow Fleabane
suomi: Vanukehirvenjuuri
français: Inule d'Angleterre
italiano: Enula laurentiana
한국어: 가는금불초
Nederlands: Engelse alant
русский: Девясил британский
svenska: Luddkrissla

Inula britannica, the British yellowhead or meadow fleabane,[2] is a Eurasian species of plant in the genus Inula within the daisy family. It is widespread across much of Europe and Asia, and sparingly naturalized in scattered locations in North America.[3][4][5]

Inula britannica is an erect herb up to 75 cm (30 inches) tall, with fine hairs but not the thick woolly coat characterizing some related species. Leaves are lance-shaped, up to 5 cm (2 inches) long. One plant produces a few heads, each on a long flower stalk. Each had contains 50-150 yellow ray flowers and 100-250 yellow disc flowers.[6]

The plant produces the flavonol axillarin.[7]

Medicinal Uses

Inula brittanica is used in Chinese Herbalism by harvesting and drying the flower. It has been used to treat sputum, as the Chinese found it to be beneficial when phlegm has accumulated in the bronchi. Other symptoms in which it has been found to be a clinical remedy for are nausea, vomiting, hiccups, and flatulence. The severity of the condition determines what part of the plant is used; if the symptoms are mild, the leaves are used, whereas more severe cases require use of the flowers.[8]

A multitude of different chemical constituents have been isolated from Inula britannica. Some of the chemical constituents include steroids, terpenoids, phenolics and flavonoids. The majority of these compounds are found in the flowers of the Inula britannica. These compounds have been found to have anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective properties. The Inula britannica has pharmacological potential.[9]
Origin and Current Distribution

Inula brittanica is native to regions of Europe and Asia and was first observed in North America after introduction to Ontario, Canada in 1928 and observation in Long Island, New York before 1915.[10] Following the introduction of the Inula brittanica in New York, it was then introduced to Michigan in 1990, Minnesota in 2004, and Oregon in 2002.[11]

The current distribution of this species is extensive and includes a multitude of countries spanning several continents. In Europe, this includes Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia/USSR (Northern Region, Baltic Region, Central Region, Southwestern Region, Crimea, Southeastern Region), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (European part), and Yugoslavia. In Asia, this includes China (North and Northeastern), Korea, Iran, Armenia, Kurdistan, Dzhyuungaria-Kashgaria, Mongolia, USSR (Eastern Siberia, Far East, Soviet Central Asia), and several of the Japanese islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu). In North America, this includes Canada (Ontario and Quebec) and the United States (New York, Michigan, Minnesota, and Oregon).[12]

Modes of Distribution

Several modes of distribution have been identified for being responsible for I. brittanica spread. These include contaminated plant parts (specifically hostas), wind, and locally on machinery within plant nurseries.[13] An example of this was how it was discovered in November 1999 within a west Michigan nursery and was found difficult to control after being accidentally imported with Dutch hosta plants.[14] Furthermore, due to its known medicinal uses, I. brittanica may also be transported via humans within passenger baggage.[15]
Characteristics as an Invasive Species

Observations of Inula brittanica in various new habitats have led to conclusions that it is capable of thriving in a wide range of temperatures as well as climates, indicated by its presence in Sweden and eastern North America, respectively. A limiting (and, thus influential) factor of the successful establishment of I. brittanica in new habitats is moisture, with higher moisture levels corresponding to a higher level of invasibility. Furthermore, this species was suspected to have been introduced without any natural enemies, which also has been speculated to contribute to its success as an invasive species[16]

Within its original habitat as well as new ones, I. brittanica is known to infest nursery crops, specifically hostas (also known as plantain lilies) in the Netherlands where their roots and rhizomes become intertwined with the hosta root systems. Specifically, the I. britannica root fragments are known to enter under bulb scales.[17] Once intertwined, this plant is aggressive and hard to remove, and can remain even after the infested hosta roots are washed. The overall impact of this species is that it is harmful, as upon infestation, I. brittanica impedes hostas from retrieving valuable nutrients from the soil.[18] It has been identified as posing a threat to the environments that it invades due to having the potential to cause damage to invaded plant ecosystems and loss of native plant life. Additionally, economic risks have been weighed and taken into consideration, and I. brittanica has been determined to pose a large one due to the wide range of habitats that it can invade and environmental damage it is capable of causing.[19]
Intervention and Control Measures

Some of the first recommendations for controlling I. brittanica when it was discovered in Michigan nurseries involved methods of both chemical and mechanical control. It was proposed that, from a mechanical standpoint, deep plowing or cultivation was effective, while Roundup was an effective chemical method of control. When using Roundup, one can be strategic in targeting the “mother plant” I. brittanica, which is known to connect to a network of smaller satellite weeds connected by a network of rhizomes. Thus, by targeting the mother plant, the satellites can be effectively eliminated while using a minimal amount of the herbicide.[20] A lesser-known form of control is biologic methods, in which known predators (pests) of I. brittanica are deployed to consume the weed. One such predator is the moth Hellinsia inulae.[21] There is not much information on the current status of mitigation efforts to control I. brittanica. After detection in its hosta nurseries in 1990, Michigan made efforts to restrict the movement, distribution, and sale of the infested hostas to prevent further spread. It was not until four years later that the Dutch placed I. brittanica on their noxious weed list and began taking aggressive measures to treat infested fields and reject them from export as applicable.[22]
See also

List of the vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus

References

The Plant List, Inula britannica L.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Altervista Flora Italiana, Inula britannica L. includes photos and European distribution map
Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
Flora of China, Inula britannica Linnaeus, 1753. 欧亚旋覆花 ou ya xuan fu hua
Flora of North America, Inula britannica Linnaeus, 1753.
Acylated Flavonol Glycosides from the Flower of Inula britannica. Eun Jung Park, Youngleem Kim, and Jinwoong Kim, Journal of Natural Products, 2000, 63 (1), pages 34–36
“Inula britannica - L.” (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2021, from https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inula%2Bbritannica ITIS Standard Report Page: Inula Britannica, Integrated Taxonomic Information System, 8 Feb/ 2021, www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=503171#null.
Khan, Abdul Latif et al. “Secondary metabolites from Inula britannica L. and their biological activities.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 15,3 1562-77. 10 Mar. 2010, doi:10.3390/molecules15031562
Lehtonen, Polly, and Robert A. Schall. Inula Britannica L. (British Elecampane) Weed Risk Assessment. USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Nov. 2009, www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/InulabritannicaWRA.pdf.
“Inula Brittanica (British Yellowhead).” Invasive Species Compendium, CAB International, 22 Nov. 2019, www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/28753#tosummaryOfInvasiveness.
Lehtonen, Polly, and Robert A. Schall. Inula Britannica L. (British Elecampane) Weed Risk Assessment. USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Nov. 2009, www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/InulabritannicaWRA.pdf.
“Inula Brittanica (British Yellowhead).” Invasive Species Compendium, CAB International, 22 Nov. 2019, www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/28753#tosummaryOfInvasiveness.
Lehtonen, Polly, and Robert A. Schall. Inula Britannica L. (British Elecampane) Weed Risk Assessment. USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Nov. 2009, www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/InulabritannicaWRA.pdf.
Lehtonen, Polly, and Robert A. Schall. Inula Britannica L. (British Elecampane) Weed Risk Assessment. USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Nov. 2009, www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/InulabritannicaWRA.pdf.
Lehtonen, Polly, and Robert A. Schall. Inula Britannica L. (British Elecampane) Weed Risk Assessment. USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Nov. 2009, www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/InulabritannicaWRA.pdf.
Nugent, Matin. Oregon Invasive Species Action Plan, Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife. June2005.https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58740d57579fb3b4fa5ce66f/t/58800d884402431d67d42b1b/1484787085062/2005-OISC-ActionPlan.pdf
“British Yellowhead.” British Yellowhead | National Invasive Species Information Center, National Invasive Species Information Center, www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/plants/british-yellowhead.
Lehtonen, Polly, and Robert A. Schall. Inula Britannica L. (British Elecampane) Weed Risk Assessment. USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Nov. 2009, www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/InulabritannicaWRA.pdf.
Lehtonen, Polly, and Robert A. Schall. Inula Britannica L. (British Elecampane) Weed Risk Assessment. USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Nov. 2009, www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/InulabritannicaWRA.pdf.
“Hellinsia Inulae.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Aug. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellinsia_inulae.
2007 WSSA Committee Report to Members. Weed Society of America, 2007, wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/2008CR_Weed-Alert.pdf