Pyracantha

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Rosales

Familia: Rosaceae
Subfamilia: Amygdaloideae
Tribus: Maleae
Subtribus: Malinae
Genus: Pyracantha
Species: P. angustifolia - P. atalantioides - P. coccinea - P. crenatoserrata - P. crenulata – P. densiflora – P. fortuneana – P. inermis – P. koidzumii – P. rogersiana

Name

Pyracantha M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 219 (1847).

Type species: P. coccinea M.Roem.

Nothogenera

× Pyracomeles
References
Primary references

Roemer, M.J. 1847. Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 104, 219.

Links

Hassler, M. 2020. Pyracantha. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2020. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2020 May 25. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Pyracantha in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 May 25. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Pyracantha. Published online. Accessed: 25 May 2020. Reference page.

Vernacular names
dansk: Ildtorn
Deutsch: Feuerdorn
English: Firethorn
suomi: Tulimarjat
français: Buisson ardent
magyar: Tűztövis
日本語: トキワサンザシ属 (ピラカンサ属)
lietuvių: Dyglainė
Nederlands: Vuurdoorn
svenska: Eldtornar
Türkçe: Ateş dikeni
中文: 火棘属

Pyracantha (from Greek pyr "fire" and akanthos "thorn", hence firethorn)[1] is a genus of large, thorny evergreen shrubs in the family Rosaceae, with common names firethorn or pyracantha. They are native to an area extending from Southwest Europe east to Southeast Asia. They resemble and are related to Cotoneaster, but have serrated leaf margins and numerous thorns (Cotoneaster is thornless).
Description
Pyracantha growing wild in private garden in Japan.In Japan, the red-flanked bluetails migrate in early winter and overwinter in Japan, feeding mainly on the fruits of pyracantha. By the time spring comes, the birds have eaten all the fruit.
Flowers

The plants reach up to 4.5 m (15 ft) tall. Leaves are small and oval. The seven species have small white flowers which are 5-merous and many stamened. Fruit are either red, orange, or yellow pomes.[2] The flowers are produced during late spring and early summer; the fruit develops in late summer, and matures in late autumn.
Fruit

The fruit of Pyracantha are classified as pomes. The pulp is safe for human consumption, but it is insipid, and the seeds are mildly poisonous as they contain cyanogenic glycosides (as do apples, plums, cherries, and almonds).[3] Seeds that are chewed and crushed while raw will release cyanogenic glycosides, and can cause mild gastro-intestinal problems when eaten in large enough quantities.[3][4][5][better source needed] The fruit can be made into jelly.[6] The fruits persist significantly into winter which makes them a valuable bird food.[2]
Fossil record

A large number of fossil fruits of †Pyracantha acuticarpa have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.[7]
Taxonomy

Pyracantha is a member of the Rose family, and includes seven species. The genus was defined by 19th century botanist Max Joseph Roemer.[8] The term Pyracantha derives from the Greek pyrakantha, referring to pyr "fire", and akantha "thorn, thorny plant".[9]
Species

Pyracantha angustifolia. Southwest China.
Pyracantha atalantioides. Southern China.
Pyracantha coccinea. Northeastern Spain east to Northern Iran.
Pyracantha crenatoserrata. Central China.
Pyracantha crenulata. Himalaya.
Pyracantha koidzumii. Taiwan.
Pyracantha rogersiana. Yunnan.

Cultivation

Pyracanthas are valuable ornamental plants, grown in gardens for their decorative flowers and fruit, often very densely borne. The thorns are easily able to puncture human skin, and when successful, the piercing causes a slight inflammation and severe pain. Their dense thorny structure makes them particularly valued in situations where an impenetrable barrier is required. The aesthetic characteristics of pyracanthas, in conjunction with their home security qualities, make them an alternative to artificial fences and walls. They are also good shrubs for a wildlife garden, providing dense cover for roosting and nesting birds, summer flowers for bees and an abundance of berries as a food source.
Cultivars

The following cultivars have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

Pyracantha 'Orange Glow'[10] (orange berries)
Pyracantha Saphyr Orange ('Cadange')[11] (orange berries)
Pyracantha Saphyr Rouge ('Cadrou')[12] (orange-red berries)
Pyracantha 'Teton'[13] (orange-yellow berries)
Pyracantha rogersiana 'Flava'[14] (yellow berries)

Ecology

Pyracantha fruit can be dispersed into natural areas, allowing plants to invade natural communities. Species of Pyracantha are considered to be invasive in portions of the United States, including the states of California and Georgia.[15] Orange firethorn (Pyracantha angustifolia) is considered to be a weed or potential ("sleeper") weed in several states or territories of Australia, including Victoria, Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales.[16] As a consequence, importation and propagation are prohibited in some parts of Australia.[16]
References

Johnson, A.T.; Smith, H.A. & Stockdale, A.P. (2019), Plant Names Simplified: Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning, Sheffield, Yorkshire: 5M Publishing, p. 127, ISBN 9781910455067
"Firethorn | plant". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
"Plant poisoning—Cyanogenic glycoside Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments and Causes". RightDiagnosis.com. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
"FDA Poisonous Plant Database". www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov.[dead link]
See entry in German wikipedia de:Feuerdorn
"Pyracantha | Archives | Aggie Horticulture". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by Else Marie Friis, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985
"ITIS Standard Report Page: Pyracantha". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
"Pyracanth | Etymology of pyracanth by etymonline". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
"Pyracantha 'Orange Glow'". RHS. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
"Pyracantha Saphyr Orange ('Cadange')". RHS. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
"Pyracantha Saphyr Rouge ('Cadrou')". RHS. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
"Pyracantha 'Teton'". RHS. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
"Pyracantha rogersiana 'Flava'". RHS. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
"scarlet firethorn: Pyracantha coccinea (Rosales: Rosaceae): Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States". www.invasiveplantatlas.org. Retrieved 2017-12-31.
"Pyracantha angustifolia". keyserver.lucidcentral.org. Retrieved 2017-12-31.