Thrixspermum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Epidendroideae
Tribus: Vandeae
Subtribus: Aeridinae
Genus: Thrixspermum
Sectiones: T. sect. Dendrocolla – T. sect. Katocolla – T. sect. Thrixspermum
Overview of species (186)

T. aberrans – T. acuminatissimum – T. acutilobum – T. agamense – T. agusanense – T. alabense – T. amesianum – T. amplexicaule – T. anceps – T. ancoriferum – T. angustatum – T. angustifolium – T. anjunganense – T. annamense – T. arachnitiforme – T. aurantiacum – T. bicolor – T. borneense – T. bosuangii – T. brevibracteatum – T. brevicapsularis – T. brevicaule – T. brevipes – T. breviscapum – T. bromeliforme – T. brunnescens – T. calceolus – T. canaliculatum – T. carinatifolium – T. carnosum – T. caudatum – T. celebicum – T. centipeda – T. cerinum – T. chanianum – T. clavatum – T. clavilobum – T. collinum – T. complanatum – T. congestum – T. conigerum – T. cootesii – T. cordulatum – T. corneri – T. crassifolium – T. crassilabre – T. crescentiforme – T. cryptophallon – T. cymboglossum – T. denticulatum – T. doctersii – T. duplocallosum – T. elmeri – T. elongatum – T. erythrolomum – T. eximium – T. fantasticum – T. fernandeziae – T. filifolium – T. filiforme – T. fimbriatum – T. flaccidum – T. fleuryi – T. formosanum – T. fragrans – T. fulgens – T. fuscum – T. gombakense – T. gracilicaule – T. graeffei – T. grandiflorum – T. hiepii – T. hystrix – T. incurvicalcar – T. indicum – T. indragiriense – T. inquinatum – T. integrum – T. iodochilus – T. japonicum – T. javanicum – T. kipandicum – T. kjellbergii – T. kocyanii – T. lampongense – T. lanatum – T. latifolium – T. latisaccatum – T. lengguanianum – T. leucarachne – T. ligulatum – T. linearifolium – T. lingiae – T. linusii – T. lombokense – T. longicauda – T. longilobum – T. longipedicellatum – T. longipilosum – T. loogemanianum – T. lucidum – T. luciferum – T. maculatum – T. majus – T. malayanum – T. megacarpum – T. merapohense – T. mergitiferum – T. merguense – T. milneri – T. montanum – T. multicolor – T. musciflorum – T. obtusum – T. ochraceum – T. odoratum – T. olidum – T. pachychilum – T. pardale – T. patens – T. pauciflorum – T. pensile – T. pinocchio – T. platycaule – T. platystachys – T. poilanei – T. ponapense – T. psiloglottis – T. pugionifolium – T. pulchellum – T. pulchrum – T. pulverulentum – T. punctatum – T. purpurascens – T. pusillum – T. pygmaeum – T. quinquelobum – T. raciborskii – T. recurvum – T. remotiflorum – T. rimauense – T. rimiae – T. robinsonii – T. roseum – T. rostratum – T. rubrocalcaratum – T. saccatum – T. sagoense – T. samarindae – T. sarawakense – T. sarcophyllum – T. saruwatarii – T. scandens – T. scopa – T. scortechinii – T. semiteretifolium – T. simum – T. squarrosum – T. stelidioides – T. subteres – T. subulatum – T. sumatranum – T. sutepense – T. tahanense – T. taianum – T. tenuicalcar – T. teretifolium – T. torajaense – T. tortum – T. triangulare – T. trichoglottis – T. tsii – T. tubulatum – T. tylophorum – T. validum – T. vanoverberghii – T. ventricosum – T. walkeri – T. warianum – T. weberi – T. wenzelii – T. westenenkii – T. williamsianum – T. xantholeucum – T. xantholomum – T. zollingeri
Name

Thrixspermum Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 519 (1790)

Type species: Thrixspermum centipeda Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 520 (1790)

Synonymy

Heterotypic
Dendrocolla Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 286 (1825)
Orsidice Rchb.f., Bonplandia (Hannover) 2: 93 (1854)
Cylindrochilus Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 307 (1861)
Ridleya (Hook.f.) Pfitzer in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl (eds.), Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 2: 16 (1900)
Cordiglottis J.J.Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 5: 95 (1922)
Cheirorchis Carr, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 7: 40 (1932)
Thylacis Gagnep., Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 4: 599 (1932)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Asia-Temperate
China
China South-Central, Hainan, China Southeast.
Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea, Nansei-shoto, Taiwan.
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka.
Indo-China
Andaman Islands, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Vietnam.
Malesia
Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Christmas Isle.
Papuasia
Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Islands.
Australasia
Australia
Northern Territory, Queensland.
Pacific
Southwestern Pacific
Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Vanuatu.
Northwestern Pacific
Caroline Islands.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Loureiro, J. de (1790) Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 516, 519.
Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) 2014. Genera Orchidacearum Volume 6: Epidendroideae (Part three); page 305 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19964-651-7

Additional references

Lin, T.P. & Hsu, C.C. 1977. The genus Thrixspermum Lour. of Taiwan (Orchidaceae). Taiwania 22(1): 59–72.
Schlechter, F.R.R. 1911. Die Gattung Thrixspermum. Orchis 5: 46–48, 54–58.

Links

'eFloras 2009. Thrixspermum in Flora of China vol. 25 Orchidaceae --> pdf Thrixspermum
Emonocot.org 2018. Thrixspermum in The Orders and Families of Monocotyledons. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 September 23.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2018. Thrixspermum in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 September 23. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Thrixspermum. Published online. Accessed: 23 September 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Thrixspermum in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 September 23.
Tropicos.org 2018. Thrixspermum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 September 23.

Vernacular names

English: Hairseeds
перем коми: Триксспермум
коми: Триксспермум
кырык мары: Триксспермум
удмурт: Триксспермум
中文: 白点兰属

Thrixspermum, commonly known as hairseeds[2] or 白点兰属 (bai dian lan shu),[3] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytes, lithophytes or terrestrial plants with flat, leathery leaves and short-lived flowers with the sepals and petals more or less similar to each other. The labellum is rigidly fixed to the column and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and the middle lobe is thick and fleshy. There are about 190 species distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to the Western Pacific. Most species grow in lowland or tropical rainforests up to an altitude of 1,200 m.

Description

Orchids in the genus Thrixspermum are epiphytic or lithophytic, rarely terrestrial, monopodial herbs with long thick roots, and flat, fleshy leaves arranged in two ranks with their bases sheathing the stem. The flowers are arranged on a pendulous or arching flowering stem arising from a leaf axil. The flowers are usually short-lived and often open for less than a day. The sepals are free from and more or less similar to each other. The petals are free from each other and similar to, but slightly shorter than the sepals. The labellum is stiffly attached to the column with a pouched base and three lobes, the side lobes erect, usually short and blunt and the middle lobe thick and fleshy. The fruit is a long, thin capsule.[2][3][4]

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Thrixspermum was first formally described in 1790 by João de Loureiro in Flora Cochinchinensis.[1][5] The name Thrixspermum is derived from the Ancient Greek words thrix (θρίξ), meaning "hair" and sperma (σπέρμα) meaning "seed".[6]

Species

The following is a list of species of Thrixspermum recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as at January 2019:
Thrixspermum pensile

Thrixspermum aberrans Schltr. 1913
Thrixspermum acuminatissimum (Rchb. f.) Rchb.f. 1868
Thrixspermum acuminatissimum subsp. acuminatissimum
Thrixspermum acuminatissimum subsp. affine (Schltr.) P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016)
Thrixspermum acutilobum J.J.Sm. 1921
Thrixspermum agamense J.J.Sm. 1927
Thrixspermum agusanense Ames 1915
Thrixspermum alabense J.J.Wood (2010)
Thrixspermum amesianum L.O.Williams 1938
Thrixspermum amplexicaule (Bl.) Rchb. f. 1867
Thrixspermum anceps (Blume) Rchb.f. (1868)
Thrixspermum ancoriferum (Guillaumin) Garay (1972)
Thrixspermum angustatum L.O.Williams 1938)
Thrixspermum angustifolium (Blume) Rchb.f. (1868)
Thrixspermum anjunganense P.O'Byrne (2016)
Thrixspermum annamense ( Guillaum. ) Garay 1972
Thrixspermum arachnitiforme Schltr. 1921
Thrixspermum aurantiacum J.J.Sm. 1920
Thrixspermum bicolor P.O'Byrne, P.T.Ong & J.J.Verm. (2015)
Thrixspermum borneense (Rolfe) Ridl. (1896)
Thrixspermum bosuangii P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016)
Thrixspermum brevibracteatum J.J.Sm. 1928
Thrixspermum brevicapsularis Holttum 1947
Thrixspermum brevicaule Carr 1929
Thrixspermum brevipes Schltr. 1913
Thrixspermum breviscapum (Carr) Kocyan & Schuit. (2014)
Thrixspermum bromeliforme W.Suarez (2009)
Thrixspermum brunnescens (Ridl.) J.J.Sm. (1933)
Thrixspermum calceolus (Lindl.) Rchb.f. (1868)
Thrixspermum canaliculatum J.J.Sm. (1914)
Thrixspermum carinatifolium (Ridl.) Schltr. (1911)
Thrixspermum carnosum (K.Schum.) Schltr. (1911)
Thrixspermum caudatum P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016)
Thrixspermum celebicum Schltr. 1911
Thrixspermum centipeda Lour 1790
Thrixspermum cerinum (Ridl.) J.J.Sm. (1933)
Thrixspermum chanianum P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016)
Thrixspermum clavatum (J.Koenig) Garay (1972)
Thrixspermum clavilobum J.J.Sm. 1928
Thrixspermum collinum Schltr. 1913
Thrixspermum complanatum (J.Koenig) Schltr. (1911)
Thrixspermum congestum (Bailey) Dockrill 1967
Thrixspermum conigerum J.J.Sm. (1921)
Thrixspermum cootesii W.Suarez (2009)
Thrixspermum cordulatum J.J.Sm. 1927
Thrixspermum corneri Holttum 1947
Thrixspermum crassifolium Ridl.
Thrixspermum crassilabre (King & Pantl.) Ormerod 2004
Thrixspermum crescentiforme Ames & C.Schweinf. 1920
Thrixspermum cryptophallon P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2015)
Thrixspermum cymboglossum Schltr. 1911
Thrixspermum denticulatum Schltr. 1906
Thrixspermum doctersii J.J.Sm. 1914
Thrixspermum duplocallosum Holttum 1947
Thrixspermum elmeri L.O.Williams 1938
Thrixspermum elongatum Ames 1915
Thrixspermum erythrolomum P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008)
Thrixspermum eximium L.O.Williams 1938
Thrixspermum fantasticum L.O.Williams 1938
Thrixspermum fernandeziae Cootes, Cabactulan & M.Leon (2017)
Thrixspermum filifolium Schltr. 1911
Thrixspermum filiforme (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891)
Thrixspermum fimbriatum (Ridl.) J.J.Wood 1994
Thrixspermum flaccidum J.J.Sm. 1920
Thrixspermum fleuryi (Gagnep.) Tang & F.T.Wang (1951)
Thrixspermum formosanum (Hayata) Schltr. (1919)
Thrixspermum fragrans Ridl. 1921
Thrixspermum fulgens (Ridl.) Schltr. (1911)
Thrixspermum fuscum (Ridl.) Merr. (1921)
Thrixspermum gombakense J.J.Sm. 1928
Thrixspermum gracilicaule Schltr. 1907
Thrixspermum graeffei Rchb.f.
Thrixspermum grandiflorum P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008)
Thrixspermum hiepii Aver. & Averyanova(2006)
Thrixspermum hystrix (Blume) Rchb.f.(1874)
Thrixspermum incurvicalcar J.J.Sm. 1926
Thrixspermum indicum Vik.Kumar, D.Verma & A.N.Rao (2017)
Thrixspermum indragiriense Schltr. 1907
Thrixspermum inquinatum J.J.Sm. 1907
Thrixspermum integrum L.O.Williams 1938
Thrixspermum iodochilus Ridl. 1922
Thrixspermum japonicum (Miq.) Rchb. f. 1878
Thrixspermum javanicum J.J.Sm. 1921
Thrixspermum kipandicum P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016)
Thrixspermum kjellbergii J.J.Sm. 1933
Thrixspermum kocyanii J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (2011)
Thrixspermum lampongense J.J.Sm. 1917
Thrixspermum lanatum P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016)
Thrixspermum latifolium J.J.Sm. 1917
Thrixspermum latisaccatum J.J.Sm. 1920
Thrixspermum lengguanianum P.T.Ong & P.O'Byrne (2011)
Thrixspermum leucorachne Ridl.
Thrixspermum ligulatum L.O.Williams 1938
Thrixspermum linearifolium Ames 1915
Thrixspermum lingiae P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016)
Thrixspermum linusii J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (2011)
Thrixspermum lombokense J.J.Sm. 1925
Thrixspermum longicauda Ridl.
Thrixspermum longilobum J.J.Sm. 1920
Thrixspermum longipedicellatum (Joongku Lee, T.B.Tran & R.K.Choudhary) Kocyan & Schuit. (2014)
Thrixspermum longipilosum J.J.Sm. 1922
Thrixspermum loogemanianum'' Schltr. 1911
Thrixspermum lucidum Schltr. 1911
Thrixspermum luciferum P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2004)
Thrixspermum maculatum Schltr. 1906
Thrixspermum majus (Carr) Kocyan & Schuit. (2014)
Thrixspermum malayanum J.J.Sm. 1921
Thrixspermum megacarpum P.O'Byrne, A.L.Lamb & P.T.Ong (2015)
Thrixspermum merapohense P.O'Byrne & P.T.Ong (2015)
Thrixspermum mergitiferum P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2004)
Thrixspermum merguense (Hook.f .) Kuntze 1996
Thrixspermum milneri P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016)
Thrixspermum montanum Ridl. 1913
Thrixspermum multicolor (Ridl.) Merr. (1921)
Thrixspermum musciflorum A.S.Rao & Joseph 1971
Thrixspermum obtusum (Blume) Rchb.f. (1868)
Thrixspermum ochraceum P.O'Byrne, P.T.Ong & J.J.Verm. (2015)
Thrixspermum odoratum X.Q.Song, Q.W.Meng & Y.B.Luo (2009)
Thrixspermum olidum P.O'Byrne (2016)
Thrixspermum pachychilum P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016)
Thrixspermum pardale (Ridl.) Schltr. (1911)
Thrixspermum patens J.J.Sm. 1921
Thrixspermum pauciflorum (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891)
Thrixspermum pensile Schltr. 1911
Thrixspermum pinocchio P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008)
Thrixspermum platycaule Holttum (1947)
Thrixspermum platystachys (F.M. Bailey) Schltr. 1911
Thrixspermum poilanei (Gagnep.) Tang & F.T.Wang (1951)
Thrixspermum ponapense Tuyama 1940
Thrixspermum psiloglottis (Ridl.) Schltr. (1911)
Thrixspermum pugionifolium (Hook.f.) Schltr. (1911)
Thrixspermum pulchellum (Thwaites) Schltr. (1911)
Thrixspermum pulchrum Carr 1932
Thrixspermum pulverulentum (Carr) Kocyan & Schuit. (2014)
Thrixspermum punctatum (Ridl.) J.J.Sm. (1933)
Thrixspermum purpurascens Rchb. f.
Thrixspermum pusillum (Guillaumin) Garay (1972)
Thrixspermum pygmaeum (King & Pantl.) Holttum (1960)
Thrixspermum quinquelobum Ames 1915
Thrixspermum raciborskii J.J.Sm
Thrixspermum raciborskii subsp. brevipollinium P.O'Byrne & Ent (2016)
Thrixspermum raciborskii subsp. raciborskii
Thrixspermum recurvum (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891)
Thrixspermum remotiflorum J.J.Sm. 1906
Thrixspermum rimauense J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (2011)
Thrixspermum rimiae P.O'Byrne & Ent (2016)
Thrixspermum robinsonii Ames 1915
Thrixspermum roseum J.J.Sm. 1918
Thrixspermum rostratum Ames 1915
Thrixspermum rubrocalcaratum P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016)
Thrixspermum saccatum P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008)
Thrixspermum sagoense J.J.Sm. 1928
Thrixspermum samarindae Schltr. 1906
Thrixspermum sarawakense Ames (1921)
Thrixspermum sarcophyllum Garay (1974)
Thrixspermum saruwatarii (Hayata) Schltr. 1919
Thrixspermum scandens P.O'Byrne (2016)
Thrixspermum scopa (Rchb.f. ex Hook.f.) Holttum (1947)
Thrixspermum scortechinii (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891)
Thrixspermum semiteretifolium J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (2010)
Thrixspermum simum J.J.Sm. 1927
Thrixspermum squarrosum J.J.Sm. 1921
Thrixspermum stelidioides Aver. & Averyanova (2006)
Thrixspermum subteres J.J.Sm.
Thrixspermum subulatum (Blume) Rchb.f. (1868)
Thrixspermum sumatranum J.J.Sm. 1920
Thrixspermum sutepense (Rolfe ex Downie) Tang & F.T.Wang (1951)
Thrixspermum tahanense Carr 1930
Thrixspermum taianum P.O'Byrne & P.T.Ong (2015)
Thrixspermum tenuicalcar Carr 1932
Thrixspermum teretifolium P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008)
Thrixspermum torajaense P.O'Byrne 1998
Thrixspermum tortum J.J.Sm. 1914
Thrixspermum triangulare Ames & C.Schweinf. 1920
Thrixspermum trichoglottis (Hook.f.)Kuntze 1896
Thrixspermum tsii W.H.Chen & Y.M.Shui 2005
Thrixspermum tubulatum P.O'Byrne (2016)
Thrixspermum tylophorum Schltr. 1911
Thrixspermum validum J.J.Sm. 1908
Thrixspermum vanoverberghii Ames 1914
Thrixspermum ventricosum J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (2011)
Thrixspermum walkeri Seidenf. & P.Ormerod 1995
Thrixspermum warianum Schltr. 1913
Thrixspermum weberi Ames 1922
Thrixspermum wenzelii Ames 1915
Thrixspermum westenenkii (J.J.Sm.) Kocyan & Schuit. (2014)
Thrixspermum williamsianum (Kores) Ormerod (1996)
Thrixspermum xantholeucum Schltr.
Thrixspermum xantholomum P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008)
Thrixspermum zollingeri (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. (1868)

Distribution

Orchids in the genus Thrixspermum are found in China, Japan, Korea, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, India (including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands), Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo,, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, northern Australia (including Christmas Island), Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Vanuatu and the Caroline Islands. About fourteen species, two of which are endemic occur in China, nine are found in Taiwan and three in Australia.[1][2][3][7]

References

"Thrixspermum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 456. ISBN 1877069124.
Chen, Xinqi; Wood, Jeffrey J. "Thrixspermum". Flora of China. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
D.L.Jones; T.Hopley; S.M.Duffy (2010). "Thrixspermum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
de Loureiro, João (1790). Flora Cochinchinensis (Volume 2). Lisbon. pp. 519–520. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
Backer, C.A. (1936). Verklarend woordenboek der wetenschappelijke namen van de in Nederland en Nederlandsch-Indië in het wild groeiende en in tuinen en parken gekweekte varens en hoogere planten (Edition Nicoline van der Sijs).
"Thrixspermum". Digital Flora of Taiwan. Retrieved 7 January 2019.