Euprenolepis

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Superfamilia: Formicoidea

Familia:Formicidae
Subfamilia: Formicinae
Tribus: Plagiolepidini
Genus: Euprenolepis
Species: E. echinata – E. maschwitzi – E. negrosensis – E. procera – E. thrix – E. variegata – E. wittei – E. zeta

Name

Euprenolepis Emery, 1906
Synonyms

Chapmanella Wheeler, 1930

[list of synonyms after LaPolla, Brady & Shattuck (2010: 123)]
References

Emery, C. 1906. Note sur Prenolepis vividula Nyl. et sur la classification des espèces du genre Prenolepis. Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique, 50: 130–134. BHL Reference page.
LaPolla, J.S. 2009: Taxonomic revision of the Southeast Asian ant genus Euprenolepis. Zootaxa, 2046: 1–25. PDF
LaPolla, J.S.; Brady, S.G.; Shattuck, S.O. 2010: Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus-group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic entomology, 35: 118–131. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00492.x

Euprenolepis is a Southeast Asian genus of ants in the subfamily Formicinae with eight recognized species.[2]
Contents

1 Species
2 Distribution
3 Taxonomy
4 Description
5 References
6 External links

Species

Euprenolepis echinata LaPolla, 2009
Euprenolepis maschwitzi LaPolla, 2009
Euprenolepis negrosensis (Wheeler, 1930)
Euprenolepis procera (Emery, 1900)
Euprenolepis thrix LaPolla, 2009
Euprenolepis variegata LaPolla, 2009
Euprenolepis wittei LaPolla, 2009
Euprenolepis zeta La Polla, 2009

Distribution

Euprenolepis is endemic to southeastern Asia. Most species are presently known from Borneo only, but whether or not this reflects biological reality or collecting bias remains unclear.[3]
Taxonomy

Euprenolepis was constructed as a subgenus within Prenolepis by Emery (1906), but he later moved the subgenus to Paratrechina (Emery, 1925). When Euprenolepis was raised to full genus level by Brown (1953), he also synonymized Chapmanella with Euprenolepis.[4]
Description

Six diagnostic characters can generally separate Euprenolepis workers from the workers of other formicine genera:[5]

basal tooth with a distinct obtuse angle on the inner mandibular margin
apical tooth large and curved toward midline of body
mandalus is large and conspicuous
medially placed clypeus without a prominent keel
anterior clypeal margin medially emarginate, with a medially placed seta
widely spaced torulae

The reduced segmentation in the palps also helps in diagnosing the genus, except Pseudolasius also exhibits palpal segment reduction. With the exception of E. negrosensis, all species appear to have a 3:4 palpal formula. Pseudolasius typically possess two or three labial palpal segments. Euprenolepis is most likely to be confused with Pseudolasius,but with the exception of E. negrosensis, Euprenolepis species have much larger eyes than Pseudolasius species. Additionally, the six characters listed above provide a means to separate the two genera.[5]

E. negrosensis placement within the genus remains somewhat problematic. The species was originally placed in its own genus, Chapmanella, by Wheeler (1930), but overall its general morphology suggests placement in Euprenolepis. However, it is distinctly unlike other species, in that it possesses very small eyes, extreme elongation of the mesosoma, a quadriform basal tooth (although rarely some specimens observed have a basal tooth as in other Euprenolepis species), and a 4:4 palpal formula. This species is at present maintained in Euprenolepis, but this result should be confirmed with molecular data once specimens become available for molecular study.[5]

Morphological characters of E. negrosensis males do suggest placement within the genus for several shared characters exist among the three species where males are known. Among those are:[5]

digiti weakly anvil-shaped, ventrally directed
digiti and cuspi meeting dorsally, about halfway along length of digiti
apices of parameres bending towards the midline of the body

These three characters may represent diagnostic features for the genus. Another distinctive feature of all known Euprenolepis males is their hirsuteness, especially on the parameres and terminal gastral segments. The parameres can be difficult to see because of the presence of abundant, long setae. E. negrosensis apparently is a hypogaeic species based on its small eyes and yellow, thin cuticle, and this may explain the unusual appearance of the workers compared to other species within the genus. It remains unclear how widespread polymorphism is in the genus. Polymorphism is exhibited in E. procera, with a minor and major worker caste clearly expressed. However, in no other known species is polymorphism observed. This may reflect collecting bias, because most species are only known from a few localities. However, at least one species, E. wittei, has been collected from long nest series and polymorphism has not been found in the workers. Despite E. procera being by far the most commonly encountered Euprenolepis in collections, majors are still relatively uncommon.[5]
References

Bolton, B. (2014). "Euprenolepis". AntCat. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
"Genus: Euprenolepis". AntWeb. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
LaPolla 2009, p. 4
LaPolla 2009, p. 1

LaPolla 2009, pp. 3–4

Brown, W.L., Jr. (1953) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part II. Breviora, 18, 1–8.
Emery, C. (1906) Note sur Prenolepis vividula Nyl. et sur la classification des espèces du genre Prenolepis. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 50, 130–134.
Emery, C. (1925) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum, 183, 1–302.
LaPolla, John S. (2009), "Taxonomic Revision of the Southeast Asian Ant Genus Euprenolepis." (PDF), Zootaxa, 2046: 1–25, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2046.1.1, S2CID 17593476
Wheeler, W.M. (1930) Two new genera of ants from Australia and the Philippines. Psyche (Cambridge), 37, 41–47.