Reseda luteola

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Brassicales

Familia: Resedaceae
Genus: Reseda
Species: Reseda luteola
Name

Reseda luteola L., 1753
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 448. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Reseda luteola in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 09-Oct-10.

Vernacular names
беларуская: Рэзеда жоўценькая
English: dyer's rocket, dyer's weed, weld, woold, yellow weed
español: gualda
suomi: Värireseda
français: réséda jaunâtre, réséda des teinturiers
Nederlands: Wouw
polski: Rezeda żółtawa
svenska: färgreseda, vau

Reseda luteola is a plant species in the genus Reseda. Common names include dyer's rocket, dyer's weed, weld, woold, and yellow weed.[1] A native of Europe and Western Asia, the plant can be found in North America as an introduced species and common weed. While other resedas were used for the purpose, this species was the most widely used source of the natural dye known as weld. The plant is rich in luteolin, a flavonoid which produces a bright yellow dye.[2] The yellow could be mixed with the blue from woad (Isatis tinctoria) to produce greens such as Lincoln green.[2]

History and usage

The dye was in use by the first millennium BC, and perhaps earlier than either woad or madder. Until the discovery of quercitron it was the most used yellow dye but by the end of the 19th century had ceased to be in wide use due to the discovery of the synthetic aniline dyes which were cheaper to produce.[3][4] Historically, France exported large quantities of weld.[1] It prefers waste places. Good weld for dye must have flowers of a yellow or greenish color, and abound in leaves; that which is small, thin-stemmed, and yellow is better than that which is large, thick-stemmed, and green; that which grows on dry, sandy soils is better than that produced on rich and moist soils. For the greatest production of coloring matter, the plant should be cut before the fruits show much development, otherwise the pigment diminishes. Dye from weld serves equally for linen, wool, and silk, dyeing with proper management all shades of yellow, and producing a bright and beautiful color.[1]

Reseda is a primary dye for the wool tapestries at the Ramses Wissa Wassef Art Centre in Giza, Egypt. Each February, the reseda is harvested for the annual wool dyeing event among all the artists at the centre.
Natural chemical constituents

A dominating natural plant chemical in Reseda luteola is glucobarbarin,[5] named for its occurrence in a distantly related plant, Barbarea vulgaris. Glucobarbarin is a glucosinolate, the characteristic chemicals in the order Brassicales (Cabbages, mustards etc.) that Reseda luteola belongs to. When the plant is crushed, glucobarbarin is converted by an enzyme into barbarin (5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione). This compound is sometimes (inappropriately) named resedinine, a name coined by Soviet researchers that rediscovered the compound in Reseda luteola (Lutfullin et al., 1976) apparently without being aware of the previous discovery and naming in the west around two decades earlier.[6] Yet another enzyme slowly converts barbarin into resedine (5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one), this chemical discovered and named by the same Soviet researchers (Lutfullin et al., 1976), giving it a name that is still valid. Barbarin and resedine can also be called alkaloids, but they are not typical alkaloids, in that they do not exist in the intact plant but are only formed after crushing the plant physically.[5] Glucobarbarin, like other glucosinolates, is known to attract cabbage butterflies for egg-laying. Any ecological, medical or health effects of barbarin and resedine are poorly understood.[5]

Ramses Wissa Wassef Art Centre annual wool dyeing with reseda

Wool dyed with reseda at Wissa Wassef Art Centre, Giza, Egypt, 2016

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reseda luteola.

Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Weld" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
Flora of North America
Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 209.
Cristea, D (2003). "Identification and quantitative HPLC analysis of the main flavonoids present in weld (Reseda luteola L.)". Dyes and Pigments. 57 (3): 267–272. doi:10.1016/S0143-7208(03)00007-X. ISSN 0143-7208.
Agerbirk, Niels; Matthes, Annemarie; Erthmann, Pernille Ø.; Ugolini, Luisa; Cinti, Susanna; Lazaridi, Eleni; Nuzillard, Jean-Marc; Müller, Caroline; Bak, Søren; Rollin, Patrick; Lazzeri, Luca (2018). "Glucosinolate turnover in Brassicales species to an oxazolidin-2-one, formed via the 2-thione and without formation of thioamide". Phytochemistry. 153: 79–93. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.006. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 29886160.closed access

Kjær, A.; Gmelin, R. (1957). "isoThiocyanates XXV. Methyl 4-isothiocyanatobutyrate, a new mustard oil present as a glucoside (glucoerypestrin) in Erysimum species". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 11: 577–578. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.11-0577.

Lutfullin, KL, Tadzhibaev MM, Abdullaev UA, Malikov VM, Yunusov SY, 1976. Alkaloids of Reseda luteola. Khimya Prir. Soedin. 5, 625-630 (In Russian).