Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Orthokaryota
Cladus: Neokaryota
Cladus: Scotokaryota
Cladus: Podiata
Cladus: Amorphea
Cladus: Obazoa
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Cladus: Filozoa
Cladus: Choanozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Bufonidae
Genus: Anaxyrus
Species: A. americanus – A. baxteri – A. boreas – A. californicus – A. canorus – A. cognatus – A. compactilis – A. debilis – A. exsul – A. fowleri – A. hemiophrys – A. houstonensis – A. kelloggi – A. mexicanus – A. microscaphus – A. nelsoni – A. punctatus – A. quercicus – A. retiformis – A. speciosus – A. terrestris – A. woodhousii
Name
Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845
Type species: Anaxyrus melancholicus Tschudi, 1845
Note:Anaxyrus, containing the North American toads, is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae.[1] The genus is endemic to North and Central America, and contains many familiar North American toad species such as the American toad, Woodhouse's toad, and the western toad.
Most species in this genus were initially classified in Bufo, but were split due to their genetic divergence and geographic separation. Some authorities still consider Anaxyrus to be a subgenus within Bufo.[2][3] However, other authorities have disputed this classification, as doing so would also require all morphologically distinct Old World toad species to also be placed in Bufo.[1]
Species
| Binomial name | Described by, year | Common name |
|---|---|---|
| Anaxyrus americanus ↔ Bufo americanus | Holbrook, 1836 | American toad |
| Anaxyrus baxteri ↔ Bufo baxteri | Porter, 1968 | Wyoming toad |
| Anaxyrus boreas ↔ Bufo boreas | Baird & Girard, 1852 | western toad |
| Anaxyrus californicus ↔ Bufo californicus | Camp, 1915 | arroyo toad |
| Anaxyrus canorus ↔ Bufo canorus | Camp, 1916 | Yosemite toad |
| Anaxyrus cognatus ↔ Bufo cognatus | Say, 1823 | Great Plains toad |
| Anaxyrus compactilis ↔ Bufo compactilis | Wiegmann, 1833 | plateau toad, Texas toad |
| Anaxyrus debilis ↔ Bufo debilis | Girard, 1854 | North American green toad |
| Anaxyrus exsul ↔ Bufo exsul | G. Myers, 1942 | black toad |
| Anaxyrus fowleri ↔ Bufo fowleri | Hinckley, 1882 | Fowler's toad |
| Anaxyrus hemiophrys ↔ Bufo hemiophrys | Cope, 1886 | Canadian toad |
| Anaxyrus houstonensis ↔ Bufo houstonensis | Sanders, 1953 | Houston toad |
| Anaxyrus kelloggi ↔ Bufo kelloggi | Taylor, 1938 | little Mexican toad |
| Anaxyrus mexicanus ↔ Bufo mexicanus | Brocchi, 1879 | southwestern toad |
| Anaxyrus microscaphus ↔ Bufo microscaphus | Cope, 1867 | Arizona toad |
| Anaxyrus monfontanus ↔ Bufo monfontanus | Gordon, Simandle, Sandmeier & Tracy, 2020[3] | Hot Creek toad |
| Anaxyrus nelsoni ↔ Bufo nelsoni | Stejneger, 1893 | Amargosa toad |
| Anaxyrus nevadensis ↔ Bufo nevadensis | Gordon, Simandle, Sandmeier & Tracy, 2020[3] | Railroad Valley toad |
| Anaxyrus punctatus ↔ Bufo punctatus | Baird & Girard, 1852 | red-spotted toad, Baird's spotted toad |
| Anaxyrus quercicus ↔ Bufo quercicus | Holbrook, 1840 | oak toad |
| Anaxyrus retiformis ↔ Bufo retiformis | Sanders and H.M. Smith, 1951 | Sonoran green toad |
| Anaxyrus speciosus ↔ Bufo speciosus | Girard, 1854 | Texas toad |
| Anaxyrus terrestris ↔ Bufo terrestris | Bonnaterre, 1789 | southern toad |
| Anaxyrus williamsi ↔ Bufo williamsi | Gordon, Simandle, and Tracy, 2017 | Dixie Valley toad |
| Anaxyrus woodhousii ↔ Bufo woodhousii | Girard, 1854 | Woodhouse's toad |
The following fossil taxa are also known, all of which were also previously placed in Bufo:[4]
†Anaxyrus defensor (Meylan, 2005) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Florida)
†Anaxyrus hibbardi (Taylor, 1937) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
†Anaxyrus pliocompactilis (Wilson, 1968) (Late Miocene of Kansas, possibly synonymous with Anaxyrus compactilis or Anaxyrus speciosus)
†Anaxyrus repentinus (Tihen, 1962) (Mid-Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Kansas, possibly synonymous with Anaxyrus woodhousii or Anaxyrus cognatus)
†Anaxyrus rexroadensis (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
†Anaxyrus spongifrons (Tihen, 1962) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
†Anaxyrus suspectus (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene (Blancan) of Kansas)
†Anaxyrus tiheni (Auffenberg, 1957) (Late Miocene of Florida)
†Anaxyrus valentinensis (Estes & Tihen, 1964) (Middle Miocene (Barstovian) of Nebraska)
References
"Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
Crother, Brian I. (2014). "A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles: The United States and Canada . Volume 1: Amphibians. Seventh Edition. By M. J. Fouquette Jr. and Alain Dubois. Bloomington (Indiana): Xlibris. $34.99 (hardcover); $23.99 (paper). 613 p.; index to generic and species names and index to common names. ISBN: 978-1-4931-7034-0 (hc); 978-1-4931-7035-7 (pb). 2014". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 89 (4): 404–405. doi:10.1086/678658. ISSN 0033-5770.
Gordon, Michelle R.; Simandle, Eric T.; Sandmeier, Franziska C.; Tracy, C. Richard (2020). "Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])". Copeia. 108 (1): 166–183. doi:10.1643/CH-18-086. ISSN 0045-8511.
Sanchiz, B. (2012-01-01). "Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians". Graellsia.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Anaxyrus.
Frost DR, Grant T [in French], Faivovich JN [in French], Bain RH [in French], Haas A [in German], Haddad CL [in French], De Sá RO, Channing A [in French], Wilkinson M [in French], Donnellan SC, Raxworthy CJ [in French], Campbell JA, Blotto BL, Moler P, Drewes RC, Nussbaum RA [in French], Lynch JD [in French], Green DM, Wheeler WC (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5781.
Pauly GB, Hillis DM, Cannatella DC [in French] (November 2004). "The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo)". Evolution. 58 (11): 2517–2535. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00881.x. PMID 15612295.
Pauly, Gregory B.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C. (June 2009). "Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names". Herpetologica. 65 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1655/08-031R1.1.
Further reading
Tschudi JJ (1845). "Reptilium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraque observata vel collecta sunt in itinere". Archiv für Naturgeschichte 11 (1): 150–170. (Anaxyrus, new genus, p. 170). (in Latin)
The recognition of Anaxyrus as a genus distinct from Bufo is highly controversial, and has not been accepted by many herpetologists working with this group. For a complete phylogeny of the species in this group and their relationships as a subgroup within Bufo, see Pauly et al. (2004).
Synonyms
Incilius Cope, 1863
Dromoplectrus Camerano, 1879
Bufo (Anaxyrus) (subgenus)
References
Tschudi, 1845, Arch. Naturgesch., 11: 170.
Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, and D. C, Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
Vernacular names
English: True Toads
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