Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Bufonidae
Genus: Bufo
Species (26): B. ailaoanus – B. andrewsi – B. aspinius – B. bankorensis – B. bufo – B. cryptotympanicus – B. eichwaldi – B. exiguus – B. formosus – B. gargarizans – B. luchunnicus – B. menglianus – B. minshanicus – B. pageoti – B. praetextatus – B. rubroventromaculatus – B. sachalinensis – B. spinosus – B. stejnegeri – B. tibetanus – B. torrenticola – B. tuberculatus – B. tuberospinius – B. verrucosissimus – B. yongdeensis – B. yunlingensis
Name
Bufo Garsault, 1764: pl. 672
Type species: Rana bufo Linnaeus, by subsequent designation of Dubois & Bour (2010: 24), disputed by Welter-Schultes & Klug (2011: 55), who suggested that the type species is Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768, by subsequent designation of Fitzinger (1843: 32).
Synonyms
Phryne Fitzinger, 1843: 32
Type species: Bufo vulgaris Laurenti, 1768, by original designation.
Pegaeus Gistel, 1868: 161
Type species: Rana bufo Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of Dubois & Bour (2010: 24).
Platosphus de l'Isle, 1877: 473
Type species: Platosophus gervais d'Ilse, 1877, by monotypy.
†Bufavus Portis, 1885: 1182
Type species: †Bufavus meneghinii Portis, 1885, by monotypy.
Neobufo Bolkay, 1919: 295
Type species: Bufo vulgaris Laurenti, 1768, by subsequent designation of Dubois (2019: 77).
Torrentophryne Yang, Liu & Rao, 1996: 353 [as subgenus]
Type species: Torrentophryne aspinia Yang, Liu & Rao, 1996, by original designation.
Schmibufo Fei & Ye, 2016: 762 [as subgenus]
Type species: Bufo stejnegeri Schmidt, 1931, by original designation.
References
Primary references
Garsault, F.A.P. de 1764. Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en médecine, décrits dans la Matière Médicale de Mr. Geoffroy Médecin, dessinés d'après nature. Gravés par Mrs. Defehrt, Prevost, Duflos, Martinet &c. Niquet scrip. Vol. 5. pl. 644–729. Paris: Desprez. BHL. Reference page.
Laurenti, J.N. 1768. Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austriacorum, quod authoritate et consensu (In Latin). Joan Thomae: Vienna. 217 pp. BHL Reference page.
Dubois, A. & Bour, R. 2010. The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768). Zootaxa 2447: 001–052. Preview. Reference page.
Welter-Schultes, F.W. & Klug, R. 2011. Comments on new names and nomenclatural acts of amphibians and non-avian sauropsids established by Garsault 1764 and Laurenti 1768 (response to Dubois & Bour 2010). Zootaxa 2814: 50–58. Preview. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2814.1.4. Reference page.
Additional references
Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P.E., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2 Paywall; hdl: 2246/5781 Open access. Reference page.
Litvinchuk, S.N., Borkin, L.J., Skorinov, D. & Rosanov, J.M. 2008. A new species of common toads from the Talysh Mountains of south-eastern Caucasus: genome size, allozyme, and morphological evidences. Russian Journal of Herpetology 15(1): 19–43. DOI: 10.30906/1026-2296-2008-15-1-19-43 [nonfunctional] Broken access; ResearchGate Reference page.
Recuero, E., Canestrelli, D., Vörös, J., Szabó, K., Poyarkov, N.A., Arntzen, J.W., Crnobrnja-Isailović, J., Kidov, A.A., Cogǎlniceanu, D., Caputo, F.P., Nascetti, G. & Martínez-Solano, I. 2012. Multilocus species tree analyses resolve the radiation of the widespread Bufo bufo species group (Anura, Bufonidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62(1): 71–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.008 Paywall Reference page.
Garcia-Porta, J., Litvinchuk, S.N., Crochet, P.-A., Romano, A., Géniez, P., Lo-Valvo, M., Lymberakis, P. & Carranza, S. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of the West-Palearctic common toads (Bufo bufo species complex). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63(1): 113–130. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.019 Paywall Reference page.
Arntzen, J.W., Recuero, E., Canestrelli, D. & Martínez-Solano, I. 2013. How complex is the Bufo bufo species group?. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69(3): 1203–1208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.012 Paywall Reference page.
Othman, S.N., Litvinchuk, S.N., Maslova, I.V., Dahn, H.A., Messenger, K.R., Andersen, D., Jowers, M.J., Kojima, Y., Skorinov, D.V., Yasumiba, K., Chuang, M.-F., Chen, Y.-H., Bae, Y., Hoti, J., Jang, Y. & Borzée, A. 2022. From Gondwana to the Yellow Sea, evolutionary diversifications of true toads Bufo sp. in the Eastern Palearctic and a revisit of species boundaries for Asian lineages. eLife 11: e70494. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.70494 Open access Reference page.
Qi, S., Lyu, Z.-T., Song, H.-M., Wei, S.-C., Zhong, Q.-F. & Wang, Y.-Y. 2023. A new species of stream-living toad (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo) from Guangdong, China. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 677–689. DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e98558 Open access Reference page.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Echte Kröten
English: Toads
español: Sapos
Nordfriisk: Echt poden
français: Crapauds
galego: Sapos
日本語: ヒキガエル属
português: Sapos
中文: 蟾蜍屬
Bufo is a genus of true toads in the amphibian family Bufonidae. As traditionally defined, it was a wastebasket genus containing a large number of toads from much of the world but following taxonomic reviews most of these have been moved to other genera, leaving only seventeen extant species from Europe, northern Africa and Asia in this genus, including the well-known common toad (B. bufo).[1] Some of the genera that contain species formerly placed in Bufo are Anaxyrus (many North American species), Bufotes (European green toad and relatives), Duttaphrynus (many Asian species, including the Asian common toad introduced elsewhere), Epidalea (natterjack toad) and Rhinella (many Latin American species, including the cane toad introduced elsewhere).[2]
Description
True toads have in common stocky figures and short legs, which make them relatively poor jumpers. Their dry skin is thick and "warty".
Behind their eyes, Bufo species have wart-like structures, the parotoid glands. These glands distinguish the true toads from all other tailless amphibians. They secrete a fatty, white poisonous substance which acts as a deterrent to predators. Contrary to folk belief, handling toads does not cause warts, however due to the poison they secrete, and bacteria on their skins, a person should wash their hands thoroughly after handling one.[3] The poison of most if not all toads contains bufotoxin.
Species
Formerly, the genus Bufo encompassed many species and was divided into several subgenera. Frost et al. (2006) removed most of the species of former Bufo to other genera and restricted the name Bufo to members of the Bufo bufo group of earlier authors.[2] Now, this genus has been reduced to 24 extant species:[1]
| Binomial name and author | Common name |
|---|---|
| Bufo ailaoanus Kou, 1984 | Ailao toad |
| Bufo andrewsi (Schmidt, 1925) | Andrew's toad |
| Bufo aspinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996) | Spineless stream toad |
| Bufo bankorensis (Barbour, 1908) | Central Formosa toad, Bankor toad |
| Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) | Common toad, European toad |
| Bufo cryptotympanicus (Liu & Hu, 1962) | Earless toad |
| Bufo eichwaldi (Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov, and Rosanov, 2008) | Eichwald's toad, Talysh toad |
| Bufo exiguus (Qi, Lyu, Song, Wei, Zhong, and Wang, 2023) | |
| Bufo formosus (Boulenger, 1883) | |
| Bufo gargarizans (Cantor, 1842) | Chusan Island toad, Asiatic toad |
| †Bufo linquensis (Yang, 1977) | |
| Bufo luchunnicus (Yang and Rao, 2008) | Luchun stream toad |
| Bufo menglianus (Yang, 2008) | Menglian stream toad |
| Bufo minshanicus (Stejneger, 1926) | |
| Bufo pageoti (Bourret, 1937) | Tonkin toad |
| Bufo japonicus (Boie, 1826) | Japanese common toad, Japanese warty toad, Japanese toad |
| Bufo sachalinensis (Nikolskii, 1905) | |
| Bufo spinosus (Daudin, 1803) | Spiny toad, spiny common toad, giant toad |
| Bufo stejnegeri (Schmidt, 1931) | Korean water toad, Stejneger's toad, Korean toad, water toad |
| Bufo tibetanus (Zarevskii, 1926 "1925") | Tibetan toad |
| Bufo tuberculatus (Zarevskij, 1926) | Qinghai Lake toad, round-warted toad |
| Bufo tuberospinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996) | |
| Bufo torrenticola (Matsui, 1976) | Japanese stream toad, Honshū toad |
| Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) | Caucasian toad |
| Bufo yongdeensis (Rao, Liu, Ma, and Zhu, 2022 "2020") | |
| Bufo yunlingensis Rao, Liu, Ma, and Zhu, 2022 "2020" |
Footnotes
"Bufo Garsault, 1764 | Amphibian Species of the World". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
Pauly et al., (2009). Herpetologica 65:115-128.
Penn State University - How safe is it to hold frogs and toads?
References
amphibiaweb.org - Bufo
Blair (ed.), 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo.
Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World
Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5781.
Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, and D. C, Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
Pauly, Greg B., Hillis, David M. & Cannatella, David C. (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica 65: 115–128. PDF full-text
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
