Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Orthokaryota
Cladus: Neokaryota
Cladus: Scotokaryota
Cladus: Podiata
Cladus: Amorphea
Cladus: Obazoa
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Cladus: Filozoa
Cladus: Choanozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Bufonidae
Genus: Duttaphrynus
Species (23): D. atukoralei – D. beddomii – D. brevirostris – D. chandai – D. crocus – D. himalayanus – D. kiphirensis – D. kotagamai – D. mamitensis – D. manipurensis – D. melanostictus – D. microtympanum – D. mizoramensis – D. nagalandensis – D. noellerti – D. parietalis – D. scaber – D. silentvalleyensis – D. stuarti – D. sumatranus – D. totol – D. valhallae – D. wokhaensis
Name
Duttaphrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green & Wheeler, 2006: 219
Type species: Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799, by original designation.
References
Primary references
Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P.E., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2 Paywall; hdl: 2246/5781 Open access. Reference page.
Additional references
Mathew, R. & Sen, N. 2009. Studies on little known amphibians of Northeast India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Occasional Papers 293: 1–64. ISBN 978-81-8171-211-0 Reference page.
Van Bocxlaer, I., Biju, S.D., Loader, S.P. & Bossuyt, F. 2009. Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: e131. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-131 Open access Reference page.
Teynié, A., David, P. & Ohler, A. 2010. Note on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Western Sumatra (Indonesia), with the description of a new species of the genus Bufo. Zootaxa 2416: 1–43. Preview. Reference page.
Das, A., Chetia, M., Dutta, S.K. & Sengupta, S. 2013. A new species of Duttaphrynus (Anura: Bufonidae) from northeast India. Zootaxa 3646(4): 336–348. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.2 Reference page.
Bopage, M.M., Wewelwala, K., Krvavac, M. & Jovanovic, O. 2015. Description of Duttaphrynus atukoralei (Anura: Bufonidae) tadpoles from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 3964(4): 498–500. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3964.4.10. Preview (PDF). Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Mawblang Toads
Duttaphrynus, named after Sushil Kumar Dutta,[1] is a genus of true toads endemic to southwestern and southern China (including Hainan), Taiwan and throughout southern Asia from northern Pakistan and Nepal through India and Bangladesh[2] to Sri Lanka, Andaman Island, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali.[3]
Description
These toads are characterized by heads with prominent, bony ridges, such as a canthal, a preorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital ridge and a short orbitotympanic ridge. The snout is short and blunt; the interorbital space is broader than the upper eyelid; the tympanum is very small, not half the diameter of eye, and generally indistinct. The first finger of these toads extends beyond the second; the toes are half webbed with single subarticular tubercles, two moderate metatarsal tubercles, and no tarsal fold. The tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the eye, or between the eye and the tip of the snout. The upper surface features are irregular and distinctly porous warts with prominent parotoids. These are elliptical and two, or two and a half, times as long as they are broad. The toads are brown above and yellow beneath, marbled with brown. Males have a subgular vocal sac and are typically 3 in long.[4]
This genus was previously assigned to the Bufo melanostictus group. Frost et al. suggested that species of the genus Duttaphrynus are only distantly related to other Asiatic bufonids and consequently moved these species to a separate genus in 2006.[5]
Species
| Binomial name and author | Common name |
|---|---|
| Duttaphrynus atukoralei (Bogert & Senanayake, 1966) | Yala toad |
| Duttaphrynus beddomii (Günther, 1876) | Beddome's toad |
| Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937) | Kempholey toad |
| Duttaphrynus chandai Das, Chetia, Dutta, and Sengupta, 2013 | Nagaland montane torrent toad |
| Duttaphrynus crocus (Wogan, Win, Thin, Lwin, Shein, Kyi & Tun, 2003) | |
| Duttaphrynus dhufarensis (Parker, 1931) | Oman toad |
| Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Günther, 1864) | Himalayan broad-skulled toad |
| Duttaphrynus kotagamai (Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994) | Kotagama's dwarf toad |
| Duttaphrynus mamitensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009) | Mamit's toad |
| Duttaphrynus manipurensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009) | Mamit's toad |
| Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) | Asian common toad |
| Duttaphrynus microtympanum (Boulenger, 1882) | Small-eared toad |
| Duttaphrynus mizoramensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009) | Kolasib's toad |
| Duttaphrynus nagalandensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009) | Nagaland's toad |
| Duttaphrynus noellerti (Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998) | Noellert's toad |
| Duttaphrynus parietalis (Boulenger, 1882) | Indian toad |
| Duttaphrynus scaber (Schneider, 1799) | Schneider's toad |
| Duttaphrynus silentvalleyensis (Pillai, 1981) | Silent Valley toad |
| Duttaphrynus stuarti (Smith, 1929) | Stuart's toad |
| Duttaphrynus sumatranus (Peters, 1871) | Sumatra toad |
| Duttaphrynus totol (Ohler, 2010) | |
| Duttaphrynus valhallae (Meade-Waldo, 1909) | Pulo Weh toad |
| Duttaphrynus wokhaensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009) | Wokha's toad |
References
"Genus Duttaphrynus named after Sushil Kumar Dutta" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
Qayyum, Abdul (2019). টাঙ্গুয়ার হাওর: জীববৈচিত্র্যের জীবন্ত মডেল (Tanguar Haor: Living Model of Biodiversity). Mohabritto (Issue 4), Dhaka
"Amphibian Species of the World - Duttaphrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006". research.amnh.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-21. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
Boulenger, G. A. (1890) Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia
Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006: The Amphibian Tree of Life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 364-365
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