Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Hylidae
Subfamiliae (9): Acrisinae – Cophomantinae – Dendropsophinae – Hylinae – Lophyohylinae – Pelodryadinae - Phyllomedusinae – Pseudinae – Scinaxinae
Species incertae sedis (1): H. imitator
Name
Hylidae Rafinesque, 1815: 78
Type genus: Hylaria Rafinesque, 1814.
References
Primary references
Rafinesque, C.S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palerme: L'Imprimerie de Jean Barravecchia. 224 pp. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Faivovich, J., Haddad, C.F.B., Garcia, P.C.A., Frost, D.R., Campbell, J.A. & Wheller, W.C. 2005. Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 294: 1–240. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:SROTFF]2.0.CO;2 Paywall; hdl: 2246/462 Open access Reference page.
Wiens, J.J., Fetzner, J.W., Parkinson, C.L. & Reeder, T.W. 2005. Hylid frog phylogeny and sampling strategies for speciose clades. Systematic Biology 54(5): 719–748. DOI: 10.1080/10635150500234625 Open access Reference page.
Wiens, J.J., Graham, C.H., Moen, D.S., Smith, S.A. & Reeder, T.W. 2006. Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs: treefrog tree unearth the roots of high tropical diversity. The American Naturalist 168(5): 579–596. DOI: 10.1086/507882 Open access Reference page.
Roelants, K., Gower, D.J., Wilkinson, M., Loader, S.P., Biju, S.D., Guillaume, K., Moriau, L. & Bossuyt, F. 2007. Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(3): 887–892. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608378104 Open access Reference page.
Wiens, J.J., Kuczynski, C.A., Hua, X. & Moen, D.S. 2010. An expanded phylogeny of treefrogs (Hylidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55(3): 871–882. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.013 Paywall Reference page.
Blackburn, D.C. & Wake, D.B. 2011. Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. Pp 39–55 In Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2011. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 1–237. Open access. Reference page. Reference page.
Pyron, R.A. & Wiens, J.J. 2011. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2,800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61(2): 543–583. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012 Paywall Reference page.
Duellman, W.E., Marion, A.B. & Hedges, S.B. 2016. Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae). Zootaxa 4104(1): 1–109. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4104.1.1 Paywall Reference page.
Dubois, A., Duellman, W.E. & Ohler, A. 2017. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the subfamily Acridinae of the family Hylidae (Amphibia, Anura). Bionomina 11: 49–61. DOI: 10.11646/bionomina.11.1.2 Paywall Reference page.
Faivovich, J., Pereyra, M.O., Luna, M.C., Hertz, A., Blotto, B.L., Vásquez-Almazán, C.R., McCranie, J.R., Sánchez, D.A., Baêta, D., Araujo-Vieira, K., Köhler, G., Kubicki, B., Campbell, J.A., Frost, D.R., Wheller, W.C. & Haddad, C.F.B. 2018. On the monophyly and relationships of several genera of Hylini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae), with comments on recent taxonomic changes in hylids. South American Journal of Herpetology 13(1): 1–32. DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00115.1 Paywall Reference page.
Streicher, J.W., Miller, E.C., Guerrero, P.C., Correa, C., Ortiz, J.C., Crawford, A.J., Pie, M.R. & Wiens, J.J. 2018. Evaluating methods for phylogenomic analyses, and a new phylogeny for a major frog clade (Hyloidea) based on 2214 loci. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 119: 128–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.013 Paywall Reference page.
Caviedes-Solí, I.W., Kim, N. & Leaché, A.D. 2020. Species IUCN threat status level increases with elevation: A phylogenetic approach for Neotropical tree frog conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 29: 2515–2537. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-020-01986-8 Paywall Reference page.
Taucce, P.P.G., Costa-Campos, C.E., Carvalho, T.R. de & Michalski, F. 2022. Anurans (Amphibia: Anura) of the Brazilian state of Amapá, eastern Amazonia: species diversity and knowledge gaps. European Journal of Taxonomy 836(1): 96–130. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.836.1919 Open access Reference page. [as Hylidae p. 112–114]
Links
Frost, D.R. 2021. Hylidae. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1 (20 February 2022). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. DOI: 10.5531/db.vz.0001
Vernacular names
العربية: شرغوفيات
беларуская: Квакшы
български: Дървесници(семейство)
català: Granotaarboricola
čeština: Rosničkovití
dansk: Lovfroer
Deutsch: Laubfrösche
English: Treefrogs
español: Hylidae
suomi: Lehtisammakot
français: Hylidae
עברית: אילניתיים
magyar: Levelibéka-félék
日本語: アマガエル科
한국어: 청개구리과
lietuvių: Medvarlin?s
македонски: Гаталинки
Nederlands: Boomkikkers
occitan: Hylidae
polski: Rzekotkowate
português: Perereca
svenska: Lovgrodor
Türkçe: Yaprak kurbağaları
中文: 樹蟾
Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as "tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.
Taxonomy and systematics
The earliest known fossils that can be assigned to this family are from the Cretaceous of India and the state of Wyoming in the United States.[1]
The common name of "tree frog" is a popular name for several species of the family Hylidae. However, the name "treefrog" is not unique to this family, also being used for many species in the family Rhacophoridae.
The following genera are recognised in the family Hylidae:[2][3][4][5]
Subfamily Hylinae
Tribe Cophomantini
Aplastodiscus – canebrake treefrogs
Boana – gladiator treefrogs
Bokermannohyla
Hyloscirtus
Myersiohyla
Nesorohyla
"Hyla" nicefori
Tribe Dendropsophini
Dendropsophus
Xenohyla
Tribe Hylini
Acris – cricket frogs
Atlantihyla
Bromeliohyla
Charadrahyla
Dryophytes – Ameroasian treefrogs
Duellmanohyla – brook frogs
Ecnomiohyla
Exerodonta
Hyla – common tree frogs
Isthmohyla
Megastomatohyla
Plectrohyla – spike-thumb frogs
Pseudacris – chorus frogs
Ptychohyla – stream frogs
Quilticohyla
Rheohyla – small-eared treefrog
Sarcohyla
Smilisca – burrowing frogs
Tlalocohyla
Triprion – shovel-headed tree frogs
Tribe Lophiohylini
Aparasphenodon – casque-headed frogs
Argenteohyla – Argentinian frogs
Corythomantis – casque-headed tree frog
Dryaderces
Itapotihyla
Nyctimantis – brown-eyed tree frogs
Osteocephalus – slender-legged tree frogs
Osteopilus
Phyllodytes – heart-tongued frogs
Phytotriades – Trinidad golden treefrogs
Tepuihyla – Amazon tree frogs
Trachycephalus – casque-headed tree frog
Tribe Pseudini
Lysapsus – harlequin frogs
Pseudis – swimming frogs
Scarthyla – Madre de Dios tree frogs
Tribe Scinaxini
Julianus
Ololygon (synonymous with Scinax)
Scinax – snouted tree frogs
Tribe Sphaenorhynchini
Sphaenorhynchus – lime tree frogs
Incertae sedis
"Hyla" imitator – mimic tree frog
Subfamily Pelodryadinae (Australian tree frogs)
Litoria
Nyctimystes
Ranoidea
Incertae sedis
"Litoria" castanea
"Litoria" jeudii
"Litoria" louisiadensis
"Litoria" obtusirostris
"Litoria" vagabunda
Subfamily Phyllomedusinae (leaf frogs)
Agalychnis
Callimedusa
Cruziohyla
Hylomantis – rough leaf frogs
Phasmahyla – shining leaf frogs
Phrynomedusa – colored leaf frogs
Phyllomedusa
Pithecopus
The subfamilies Pelodryadinae and Phyllomedusinae are sometimes classified as distinct families of their own due to their deep divergence and unique evolutionary history (with Pelodryadinae being the sister group to Phyllomedusinae and colonizing Australia during the Eocene via the Antarctic land bridge, which at the time was not yet frozen over), but are presently retained in the Hylidae.[2][6]
Description
Most hylids show adaptations suitable for an arboreal lifestyle, including forward-facing eyes providing binocular vision, and adhesive pads on the fingers and toes. In the nonarboreal species, these features may be greatly reduced, or absent.
Distribution and habitat
The European tree frog (Hyla arborea) is common in the middle and south of Europe, and its range extends into Asia and North Africa.
North America has many species of the family Hylidae, including the gray tree frog (Hyla versicolor) and the American green tree frog (H. cinerea). The spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) is also widespread in the eastern United States and is commonly heard on spring and summer evenings.
Behaviour and ecology
Species of the genus Cyclorana are burrowing frogs that spend much of their lives underground.[7]
Breeding
Hylids lay their eggs in a range of different locations, depending on species. Many use ponds, or puddles that collect in the holes of their trees, while others use bromeliads or other water-holding plants. Other species lay their eggs on the leaves of vegetation hanging over water, allowing the tadpoles to drop into the pond when they hatch.[7]
A few species use fast-flowing streams, attaching the eggs firmly to the substrate. The tadpoles of these species have suckers enabling them to hold on to rocks after they hatch. Another unusual adaptation is found in some South American hylids, which brood the eggs on the back of the female. The tadpoles of most hylid species have laterally placed eyes and broad tails with narrow, filamentous tips.[7]
Feeding
Hylids mostly feed on insects and other invertebrates, but some larger species can feed on small vertebrates.
References
"Fossilworks: Hylidae". fossilworks.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
"Hylidae Rafinesque, 1815 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
Faivovich, Julián; Haddad, Célio F. B.; Garcia, Paulo C. A.; Frost, Darrel R.; Campbell, Jonathan A.; Wheeler, Ward (2005). "Supplemental Material for 'Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. (Bulletin of the AMNH; no. 294)'". doi:10.5531/sd.sp.12. hdl:2246/6615. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Faivovich, Julián; Pereyra, Martín O.; Luna, María Celeste; Hertz, Andreas; Blotto, Boris L.; Vásquez-Almazán, Carlos R.; McCranie, James R.; Sánchez, David A.; Baêta, Délio; Araujo-Vieira, Katyuscia; Köhler, Gunther; Kubicki, Brian; Campbell, Jonathan A.; Frost, Darrel R.; Wheeler, Ward C. (23 April 2018). "On the Monophyly and Relationships of Several Genera of Hylini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae), with Comments on Recent Taxonomic Changes in Hylids". South American Journal of Herpetology. 13 (1): 1. doi:10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00115.1. hdl:11336/94370. ISSN 1808-9798. S2CID 90074090.
Orrico, Victor G.D.; Grant, Taran; Faivovich, Julian; Rivera-Correa, Mauricio; Rada, Marco A.; Lyra, Mariana L.; Cassini, Carla S.; Valdujo, Paula H.; Schargel, Walter E.; Machado, Denis J.; Wheeler, Ward C.; Barrio-Amorós, Cesar; Loebmann, Daniel; Moravec, Jiří; Zina, Juliana (February 2021). "The phylogeny of Dendropsophini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)". Cladistics. 37 (1): 73–105. doi:10.1111/cla.12429. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 34478175.
Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (18 July 2017). "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (29): E5864 – E5870. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5864F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5530686. PMID 28673970.
Zweifel, Robert G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
public domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Further reading
"Amero-Australian Treefrogs (Hylidae)". William E. Duellman. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Ed. Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Jerome A. Jackson, Devra G. Kleiman, James B. Murphy, Dennis A. Thoney, et al. Vol. 6: Amphibians. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. p225-243.
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