Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Orthokaryota
Cladus: Neokaryota
Cladus: Scotokaryota
Cladus: Podiata
Cladus: Amorphea
Cladus: Obazoa
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Cladus: Filozoa
Cladus: Choanozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Bufonidae
Genus: Incilius
Species (39): I. alvarius – I. aucoinae – I. aurarius – I. bocourti – I. campbelli – I. canaliferus – I. cavifrons – I. chompipe – I. coccifer – I. coniferus – I. cristatus – I. cycladen – I. epioticus – I. fastidiosus – I. gemmifer – I. guanacaste – I. ibarrai – I. karenlipsae – I. leucomyos – I. luetkenii – I. macrocristatus – I. majordomus – I. marmoreus – I. mazatlanensis – I. mccoyi – I. melanochlorus – I. nebulifer – I. occidentalis – I. peripatetes – I. perplexus – I. pisinnus – I. porteri – I. signifer – I. spiculatus – I. tacanensis – I. tutelarius – I. valliceps – †I. holdridgei – †I. periglenes
Name
Incilius Cope, 1863: 50
Type species: Bufo coniferus Cope, 1862, by subsequent designation of Kellogg (1932: 29).
Synonyms
Cranopsis Cope, 1875: 96 [preoccupied by Cranopsis Adams, 1860 (Mollusca) and Cranopsis Dall, 1871 (Brachiopoda)]
Type species: Cranopsis fastidiosus Cope, 1875, by monotypy.
Crepidius Cope, 1875: 97 [preoccupied by Crepidius Candeze, 1859 (Coleoptera)]
Type species: Crepidius epioticus Cope, 1875, by monotypy.
Ollotis Cope, 1875: 98
Type species: Ollotis coerulescens Cope, 1875, by monotypy.
Crepidophryne Cope, 1889: 260 [nomen substitutum pro Crepidius Cope, 1875]
Cranophryne Cope, 1889: 20 [nomen substitutum pro Craniopsis Cope, 1875]
References
Primary references
Cope, E.D. 1863. On Trachycephalus, Scaphiopus and other American Batrachia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 15: 43–54. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis & D. C, Cannatella. 2004. The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
Frost, D.R., Grant, T. & Mendelson III, J.R. 2006. Ollotis Cope, 1875, is the oldest name for the genus current referred to as Cranopsis Cope, 1875. Copeia 2006(3): 558. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal Reference page.
Mendelson, J.R., III & Mulcahy, D.G. 2010. A new species of toad (Bufonidae: Incilius) from central Panama. Zootaxa 2396: 61–68. Preview PDF
Mendelson, J.R., III, Mulcahy, D.G., Williams, T.S. & Sites, J.W., jr. 2011. A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data. Zootaxa 3138: 1–34. Preview PDF
Links
Amphibian Species of the World 5.2 Incilius access date 16 July 2008.
Vernacular names
English: Central American Toads
Incilius coccifer
Incilius coniferus
Incilius epioticus
Incilius fastidiosus
Incilius is a genus of toads in the true toad family, Bufonidae.[1][2][3] They are sometimes known as the Central American toads or Middle American toads and are found in southern USA, Mexico, Central America, and northern Pacific South America (Colombia and Ecuador).[1] They are an ecologically and biogeographically diverse group of toads, including micro-endemic species such as Incilius spiculatus that are restricted to undisturbed cloud forests, and widespread lowland species such as Incilius valliceps that predominantly occur in disturbed habitats.[4]
Taxonomy and systematics
This genus was first described in 1863 by Edward Drinker Cope who designated the type species as Incilius coniferus. This proved unpopular and these toads were known under the genus Bufo until the early 2000s.[1]
The current delineation of the genus follows Mendelson et al. (2011) who brought Cranopsis/Cranophryne/Ollotis and Crepidius/Crepidophryne into synonymy with Incilius, while providing evidence for removing Rhinella from Incilius. Taxonomy and systematics of the toads now considered to be classified in this genus had seen many changes after Incilius was resurrected to split Bufo in the less than a decade before this 2011 paper. I. coniferus went through some five name changes in less than a dozen years.[1][5] However, the monophyly of Incilius continues to be threatened by Incilius bocourti, which might be the sister taxon of Anaxyrus.[1]
Another discussion has been the taxonomic level at which the genus is recognized. Incilius did not see wide recognition before the large-scale revision of amphibian systematics by Darrel Frost and colleagues in 2006,[6] then under the name Cranopsis, including the former "Bufo valliceps group" and some related species. However, others have argued that Incilius should be treated as a subgenus of Bufo.[7]
Species
There are at present 39 species:[1]
Incilius alvarius (Girard, 1859)
Incilius aucoinae (O'Neill and Mendelson, 2004)
Incilius aurarius Mendelson, Mulcahy, Snell, Acevedo, and Campbell, 2012
Incilius bocourti (Brocchi, 1877)
Incilius campbelli (Mendelson, 1994)
Incilius canaliferus (Cope, 1877)
Incilius cavifrons (Firschein, 1950)
Incilius chompipe (Vaughan and Mendelson, 2007)
Incilius coccifer (Cope, 1866)
Incilius coniferus (Cope, 1862)
Incilius cristatus (Wiegmann, 1833)
Incilius cycladen (Lynch and Smith, 1966)
Incilius epioticus (Cope, 1875)
Incilius fastidiosus (Cope, 1875)
Incilius gemmifer (Taylor, 1940)
Incilius guanacaste (Vaughan and Mendelson, 2007)
Incilius holdridgei (Taylor, 1952)
Incilius ibarrai (Stuart, 1954)
Incilius karenlipsae Mendelson and Mulcahy, 2010
Incilius leucomyos (McCranie and Wilson, 2000)
Incilius luetkenii (Boulenger, 1891)
Incilius macrocristatus (Firschein and Smith, 1957)
Incilius majordomus Savage, Ugarte, and Donnelly, 2013
Incilius marmoreus (Wiegmann, 1833)
Incilius mazatlanensis (Taylor, 1940)
Incilius mccoyi Santos-Barrera and Flores-Villela, 2011
Incilius melanochlorus (Cope, 1877)
Incilius nebulifer (Girard, 1854)
Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)
†Incilius periglenes (Savage, 1967)
Incilius peripatetes (Savage, 1972)
Incilius perplexus (Taylor, 1943)
Incilius pisinnus (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
Incilius porteri (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
Incilius signifer (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
Incilius spiculatus (Mendelson, 1997)
Incilius tacanensis (Smith, 1952)
Incilius tutelarius (Mendelson, 1997)
Incilius valliceps (Wiegmann, 1833)
The AmphibiaWeb recognizes Incilius intermedius (Günther, 1858) as a valid species,[2] whereas the Amphibian Species of the World considers it a synonym of Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879).[1]
One fossil species, Incilius praevius (Tihen, 1951), is known from the Early Miocene (Hemingfordian) of Florida.[8]
References
Frost, Darrel R. (2017). "Incilius Cope, 1863". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 490.
Mendelson, J. R. III; D. G. Mulcahy; T. S. Williams; J. W. Sites, Jr. (2011). "A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3138: 1–34. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3138.1.1.
Mendelson III, Joseph R.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Williams, Tyler S.; Sites Jr., Jack W. (21 December 2011). "A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data". Zootaxa. 3138: 1–34. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3138.1.1. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006). "The amphibian tree of life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5781.
Pauly, Greg B.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C. (2009). "Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names". Herpetologica. 65 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1655/08-031R1.1. S2CID 283839.
Sanchiz, B. (2012-01-01). "Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians". Graellsia.
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