Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Leiopelmatidae
Genus: Leiopelma
Species (4 + 5†): L. archeyi – – – †L. acricarina – †L. auroraensis – †L. markhami – †L. miocaenale – †L. pakekaL. hamiltoni - L. hochstetteriL. waitomoensis
Name
Leiopelma Fitzinger, 1861 [placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, with the Name Number 2038, by Melville (1977: 167)]
Type species: Leiopelma hochstetteri Fitzinger, 1861
Fixation: monotypy
ZooBank: D93BC858-18F8-45EB-80DA-1CBAF33CE803
Synonyms
Leioaspetos
Liopelma
Refere
Leiopelma hochstetteri
nces
Primary references
Fitzinger, L. 1861. Eine neue Batrachier-Gattung aus Neu-Seeland. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 11: 217–220, plate VI. BHL Reference page. [first availability, see p. 218]
Melville, R.V. 1977: Opinion 1071. Emendation under the plenary powers of Liopelmatina to Leiopelmatidae (Amphibia Salientia). Bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 33(3/4): 167–169. BHL
Additional references
Bell 2010: The threatened leiopelmatid frogs of New Zealand: natural history integrates with conservation. Herpetological conservation and biology, 5(3): 515–528. PDF
Bell; Wassersug, R.J. 2003: Anatomical features of Leiopelma embryos and larvae: implications for anuran evolution. Journal of morphology, 256(2): 160–170. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10082
Worthy, T.H. 1987. Osteology of Leiopelma (Amphibia: Leiopelmatidae) and descriptions of three new subfossil Leiopelma species. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 17(3): 201–251. Google books Reference page.
Worthy, T.H. 1987. Paleoecological information concerning members of the frog genus Leiopelma (Leiopelmatidae) in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 17(4): 409–420. DOI: 10.1080/03036758.1987.10426482 Open access Reference page.
Worthy, T.H., Tennyson, A.J.D., Scofield, R.P. & Hand, S.J. 2013. Early Miocene fossil frogs (Anura: Leiopelmatidae) from New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 43(4): 211–230. DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2013.825300 Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: New Zealand frogs
Leiopelma is a genus of New Zealand primitive frogs, belonging to the suborder Archaeobatrachia. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Leiopelmatidae. The leiopelmatids' relatively basal form indicates they have an ancient lineage.[1] While some taxonomists have suggested combining the North American frogs of the genus Ascaphus in the family Ascaphidae with the New Zealand frogs of the genus Leiopelma in the family Leiopelmatidae, the current consensus is that these two groups constitute two separate families.[2][3] The three extant species of Leiopelmatidae are only found in New Zealand.[4]
Overview
The New Zealand primitive frogs' defining characteristics are their extra vertebrae (for a total of nine) and the remains of the tail muscles (the tail itself is absent in adults, although it is present in the younger frogs, which need the extra skin surface until their lungs are fully developed). The family Ascaphidae (found only in North America), of the same suborder, shares these primitive characteristics, hence the two have often been described as related, or even part of the same family.
Late jump recovery is unique in Leiopelmatidae. When leiopelmatid species jump, they land in a "belly flop" fashion, repositioning their limbs for takeoff for the next jump only after hitting the ground with the ventral surface of their torsos. The appearance of early jump recovery in more advanced taxa is a key innovation in anuran evolution.[5]
They are unusually small frogs, only 5 cm (2.0 in) in length. Most species lay their eggs in moist ground, typically under rocks or vegetation. After hatching, the tadpoles nest in the male's back, all without the need for standing or flowing water. However, Hochstetter's frog lays its eggs in shallow ponds and has free-living tadpoles, although they do not swim far from the place of hatching, or even feed, before metamorphosing into adult frogs.[6] Lifespans may be long (more than 30 years) for such small organisms.[7]
Introduced fauna are thought to have had a negative impact on these native frogs, with 93% of all reported predation events on native frogs being attributed to introduced fauna,[8] primarily ship rats.
Taxonomy & systematics
Species
Family Leiopelmatidae
Genus Leiopelma
Archey's frog, Leiopelma archeyi Turbott, 1942
Hamilton's frog, Leiopelma hamiltoni McCulloch, 1919
Hochstetter's frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri Fitzinger, 1861
Extinct species
Three extinct species are known by subfossil remains, also from New Zealand. They became extinct during the past 1,000 years.[9]
†Aurora frog, Leiopelma auroraensis
†Markham's frog, Leiopelma markhami[10]
†Waitomo frog, Leiopelma waitomoensis[11]
One species from the late Pliocene period has recently been described.[12]
†Leiopelma bishopi Easton, Tennyson and Rawlence, 2021
Two species are known from Miocene deposits of the Saint Bathans fauna, with indeterminate remains possibly representing additional species[13][14]
†Leiopelma miocaenale
†Leiopelma acricarina
Evolutionary history
DNA analysis indicates that Leiopelmatidae share a distant common ancestry with Ascaphidae to the exclusion of all other frogs, and Leiopelmatidae and Ascaphidae diverged from all other frogs around 200 million years ago.[15] L. archeyi and L. hochstetteri are thought to have diverged from each other between 40 and 50 million years ago, based on genomic divergence estimates. Fossils of the genus are known from the early Miocene (19–16 million years ago) aged St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand.[13]
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See also
Frogs of New Zealand
Frogs portal
References
Roelants, Kim; Franky Bossuyt (February 2005). "Archaeobatrachian paraphyly and Pangaean diversification of crown-group frogs". Systematic Biology. 54 (1): 111–126. doi:10.1080/10635150590905894. PMID 15805014.
San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences; Marina Alcobendas; Rafael Zardoya; Axel Meyer (May 2005). "Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea" (PDF). American Naturalist. 165 (5): 590–599. doi:10.1086/429523. JSTOR 10.1086/429523. PMID 15795855. S2CID 17021360.
Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Leiopelmatidae Mivart, 1869". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
J.M. Conlon et al. / Peptides 30 (2009) 1069–1073
Cannatella, David (2008). "Leiopelmatidae. Leiopelma". The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
"DOC: Photo-stage and Archey's Frog". Retrieved 2005-12-05.
Essner, RL Jr; Suffian, DJ; Bishop, PJ; Reilly, SM (2010). "Landing in basal frogs: evidence of saltational patterns in the evolution of anuran locomotion". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (10): 935–9. Bibcode:2010NW.....97..935E. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0697-4. PMID 20625697. S2CID 18602582.
Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-12-178560-4.
Bell, Ben D.; et al. (2004). "The fate of a population of the endemic frog Leiopelma pakeka (Anura: Leiopelmatidae) translocated to restored habitat on Maud Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 31 (2): 123–131. doi:10.1080/03014223.2004.9518366.
Egeter, Bastian; Robertson, Bruce C.; Bishop, Phillip J. (2015). "A Synthesis of Direct Evidence of Predation on Amphibians in New Zealand, in the Context of Global Invasion Biology". Herpetological Review. 46: 512–519.
*Worthy, Trevor H. (1987). "Osteology of Leiopelma (Amphibia: Leiopelmatidae) and descriptions of three new subfossil Leiopelma species". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 17 (3): 201–251. doi:10.1080/03036758.1987.10418160.
Worthy, Trevor H. (1987). "Palaeoecological information concerning members of the frog genus Leiopelma: Leiopelmatidae in New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 17 (4): 409–420. doi:10.1080/03036758.1987.10426482.
Nadia Webster (2004). "Native frog captive husbandry manual" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
"Holotype of Leiopelma markhami". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
"Holotype of Leiopelma waitomoensis". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Easton, Luke J.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Rawlence, Nicolas J. (2021-10-12). "A new species of Leiopelma frog (Amphibia: Anura: Leiopelmatidae) from the late Pliocene of New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 49 (3): 215–224. doi:10.1080/03014223.2021.1979053. ISSN 0301-4223. S2CID 243120256.
Worthy, Th; Tennyson, Ajd; Scofield, Rp; Hand, Sj (December 2013). "Early Miocene fossil frogs (Anura: Leiopelmatidae) from New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 43 (4): 211–230. doi:10.1080/03036758.2013.825300. hdl:2328/35958. ISSN 0303-6758. S2CID 84562226.
Updating The Record from the Early Miocene St Bathans Fauna, Central Otago and its Significance for Documenting the Assembly of New Zealand’s Terrestrial Biota, Conference Paper · July 2014
Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-07-18). "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (29): E5864 – E5870. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5530686. PMID 28673970.
Further reading
D.G. Newman (1996). "Native frog (Leiopelma ssp.) recovery plan" (PDF). Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
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