Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Orthokaryota
Cladus: Neokaryota
Cladus: Scotokaryota
Cladus: Podiata
Cladus: Amorphea
Cladus: Obazoa
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Cladus: Filozoa
Cladus: Choanozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Cladus: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Pelobatidae
Genus: Pelobates
Species: Pelobates fuscus
Name
Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768)
Type locality: "Wien", Austria.
Holotype: Illustrated by Roesel von Rosenhof, 1758, Hist. Nat. Ran. Nost.: pl. 17, 18.
Synonyms
Bufo fuscus Laurenti, 1768
Rana vespertina Pallas, 1771
Rana fusca — Meyer, 1795
Bufo vespertinus — Schneider, 1799
Rana alliacea Shaw, 1802
Bombinator fuscus — Fitzinger, 1826
Bombina fusca — Sturm, 1828
Bombina marmorata Sturm, 1828
Pelobates fuscus — Wagler, 1830
Cultripes minor Müller, 1832
Rana cultripes cultripes — Schinz, 1833
Rana cultripes minor — Schinz, 1833
Pelobates fuscus var. lividus Koch, 1872
Pelobates insubricus Cornalia, 1873
Pelobates latifrons Herón-Royer, 1888
Pelobates fusca var. marmorata Prazák, 1898
Pelobates fuscus var. orientalis Severtsov, 1913
Pelobates campestris Severtsov, 1913
Pelobates fuscus insubricus — Mertens, 1923
Pelobates fuscus fuscus — Mertens, 1923
Pelobates praefuscus Khosatzky, 1985
References
Laurenti, 1768, Spec. Med. Exhib. Synops. Rept.: 28 , 122.
Mertens, 1923, Senckenb. Biol., 5: 123.
Frost, D.R. 2021. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. DOI: 10.5531/db.vz.0001 Pelobates fuscus . Accessed on 23 June 2008.
2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN: Pelobates fuscus (Least Concern) Downloaded on 23 June 2008.
Vernacular names
беларуская: Часночніца звычайная
English: Common Eurasian Spadefoot Toad
magyar: Barna ásóbéka
Pelobates fuscus is a species of toad in the family Pelobatidae, native to an area extending from Central Europe to Western Asia. It is commonly known as the common spadefoot, garlic toad, the common spadefoot toad and the European common spadefoot.
The common spadefoot grows to a length of approximately 6.5 centimetres (2.6 in) for males and 8 centimetres (3.1 in) for females. The skin colouration varies depending upon habitat, gender and region, but is usually light-grey to beige-brown on the dorsal surface. The skin is mottled by darker marks that differ between individuals. The belly is white, sometimes with grey mottling. Albino specimens have been observed.
Two subspecies are traditionally recognised: Pelobates fuscus fuscus (from central Europe) and Pelobates fuscus insubricus (from Northern Italy). In reality there is no physical or behavioural character allowing to distinguish these supposed subspecies. A recent study showed that there is no haplotype segregation for the populations of Northern Italy, that, therefore, are not to be ascribed to a different subspecies.[4] Haplotypes from some Northern Italian valleys are very characteristic and support a different conception in terms of conservation: not for a different taxonomic position but, instead, for a peculiar differentiation. Populations from eastern Europe appear sufficiently different that they may warrant a separate species status (Pelobates vespertinus).
When alarmed, it emits a very loud call (alarm call) and it can exude a noxious secretion which smells like garlic, hence its common name.
Locations
Pelobates fuscus are seen in the Posavina region. The first findings of tadpoles and the reproductive site of the common spadefoot toad in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Croatia, this species is found along the Mura, Drava and Sava rivers.[5] In Lombardy this species is widespread in the Ticino river in Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino.[6]
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pelobates fuscus.
Martín, C. & Sanchiz, B. (2014). "Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768)". Lisanfos KMS. Version 1.2. Online reference accessible at http://www.lisanfos.mncn.csic.es/. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid (Spain). Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
Aram Agasyan; Aziz Avisi; Boris Tuniyev; Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic; Petros Lymberakis; Claes Andrén; Dan Cogalniceanu; John Wilkinson; Natalia Ananjeva; Nazan Üzüm; et al. (2009). "Pelobates fuscus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. IUCN: e.T16498A5951455. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T16498A5951455.en.
Darrel Frost. "Pelobates fuscus". Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference. The American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
Angelica Crottini & Franco Andreone (2007). "Conservazione di un anfibio iconico: lo status di Pelobates fuscus in Italia e linee guida d'azione" (PDF). Quad. Staz. Ecol. Civ. Mus. St. Nat. Ferrara. 17: 67–76.
Ćurić, Ana; Adnan, Zimić; Bogdanović, Tomislav; Jelić, Dušan (June 2018). "New data and distribution of common spadefoot toad Pelobates Fuscus (Laurenti, 1768) (Anura: Pelobatidae) in Western Balkans". North-Western Journal of Zoology. 14 (1): 50–59.
Giovannini, Andrea; Seglie, Daniele; Giacoma, Cristina (2014). ""Identifying priority areas for conservation of spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus insubricus using a maximum entropy approach". Biodiversity and Conservation. 23 (6): 1427–1439. Bibcode:2014BiCon..23.1427G. doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0674-x. ISSN 0960-3115.
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