Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Orthokaryota
Cladus: Neokaryota
Cladus: Scotokaryota
Cladus: Podiata
Cladus: Amorphea
Cladus: Obazoa
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Cladus: Filozoa
Cladus: Choanozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Bufonidae
Genus: Peltophryne
Species (14): P. armata – P. cataulaciceps – P. dunni – P. empusa – P. florentinoi – P. fluviatica – P. fustiger – P. guentheri – P. gundlachi – P. lemur – P. longinasus – P. peltocephala – P. ramsdeni – P. taladai
Name
Peltophryne Fitzinger, 1843: 32
Type species: Bufo peltocephalus Tschudi, 1838, by original designation.
Synonyms
Chascax Ritgen, 1828
Otaspis Cope, 1869
References
Primary references
Fitzinger, L. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel: Wien. vi + 106 pp. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P.E., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2 Paywall; hdl: 2246/5781 Open access. Reference page.
Landestoy T., M.A., Turner, D.B., Marion, A.B. & Hedges, S.B. 2018. A new species of Caribbean toad (Bufonidae, Peltophryne) from southern Hispaniola. Zootaxa 4403(3): 523–539. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4403.3.6 Paywall Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Caribbean Toads
Peltophryne is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae,[1][2][3] from the Greater Antilles (in Cuba, Isla de Juventud, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico).[1] With ten endemic species, Cuba hosts the highest diversity. Hispaniola has three endemics and Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands combined have one.[4]
Description
Peltophryne range is size from the relatively small Peltophryne cataulaciceps with a snout–vent length (SVL) of 30 mm (1.2 in) to the large Peltophryne peltocephala with SVL of 170 mm (6.7 in). The skull is as long as wide and contains some unique osteological features (thickened dermal tissue covering the snout and usually ossified into a pair of rostral bones, and squamosal-maxillary articulation). These are considered to be derived characters that set these toads apart from other bufonids.[5]
Taxonomy
The genus was erected by Leopold Fitzinger in 1843, but placed in synonymy with Bufo by Albert Günther in 1859.[1] Subsequent work has considered Peltophryne either as a valid genus, a subgenus, or a synonym of Bufo. At present, treating Peltophryne as a valid genus has largely been accepted based on both morphological characters and genetic evidence,[1][2][3][6] but treating it as a subgenus of Bufo still has a small following.[1]
Species
There are 14 species in this genus:[1][2]
Peltophryne armata Landestoy T., Turner, Marion, and Hedges, 2018
Peltophryne cataulaciceps (Schwartz, 1959)
Peltophryne dunni (Barbour, 1926)
Peltophryne empusa Cope, 1862
Peltophryne florentinoi (Moreno and Rivalta, 2007)
Peltophryne fluviatica (Schwartz, 1972)
Peltophryne fustiger (Schwartz, 1960)
Peltophryne guentheri (Cochran, 1941)
Peltophryne gundlachi (Ruibal, 1959)
Peltophryne lemur Cope, 1869
Peltophryne longinasus (Stejneger, 1905)
Peltophryne peltocephala (Tschudi, 1838)
Peltophryne ramsdeni (Barbour, 1914 )
Peltophryne taladai (Schwartz, 1960)
Conservation
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed many of the species as "Critically Endangered" (Peltophryne florentinoi, Peltophryne fluviatica, and Peltophryne lemur) or "Endangered" (Peltophryne cataulaciceps, Peltophryne guentheri, and Peltophryne longinasus), primarily due to habitat loss from development.[7] Surviving wild populations of Peltophryne lemur have been supported by captive bred animals.[8]
References
Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Peltophryne Fitzinger, 1843". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
"Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
"Peltophryne Fitzinger, 1843". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
Alonso, R.; Crawford, A. J.; Bermingham, E. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of an endemic radiation of Cuban toads (Bufonidae: Peltophryne) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (3): 434–451. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02594.x.
Pregill, G. (1981). "Cranial morphology and the evolution of West Indian toads (Salientia: Bufonidae): resurrection of the genus Peltophryne Fitzinger". Copeia. 1981 (2): 273–285. doi:10.2307/1444216. JSTOR 1444216.
S. Blair Hedges (2015). "Caribherp: Amphibians and reptiles of Caribbean Islands". Retrieved 9 March 2015.
IUCN. "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>". Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Ariadne Angulo (2010). "Peltophryne lemur". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T54345A11127094. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T54345A11127094.en.
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