Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Phrynobatrachidae
Genus: Phrynobatrachus
Species (96): P. acridoides – P. acutirostris – P. afiabirago – P. africanus – P. albifer – P. albomarginatus – P. alleni – P. ambanguluensis – P. amieti – P. annulatus – P. anotis – P. arcanus – P. asper – P. auritus – P. batesii – P. bequaerti – P. bibita – P. breviceps – P. brevipalmatus – P. brongersmai – P. bullans – P. calcaratus – P. chukuchuku – P. congicus – P. cornutus – P. cricogaster – P. cryptotis – P. dalcqi – P. danko – P. dendrobates – P. discogularis – P. dispar – P. elberti – P. francisci – P. fraterculus – P. gastoni – P. ghanensis – P. giorgii – P. graueri – P. guineensis – P. gutturosus – P. hieroglyphicus – P. horsti – P. hylaios – P. inexpectatus – P. intermedius – P. irangi – P. jimzimkusi – P. kakamikro – P. keniensis – P. kinangopensis – P. krefftii – P. latifrons – P. leveleve – P. liberiensis – P. mababiensis – P. maculiventris – P. manengoubensis – P. mayokoensis – P. mbabo – P. minutus – P. nanus – P. natalensis – P. njiomock – P. ogoensis – P. pakenhami – P. pallidus – P. parkeri – P. parvulus – P. perpalmatus – P. petropedetoides – P. phyllophilus – P. pintoi – P. plicatus – P. pygmaeus – P. rainerguentheri – P. rouxi – P. rungwensis – P. ruthbeateae – P. sandersoni – P. scapularis – P. scheffleri – P. schioetzi – P. steindachneri – P. sternfeldi – P. stewartae – P. sulfureogularis – P. taiensis – P. tanoeensis – P. tokba – P. ukingensis – P. ungujae – P. uzungwensis – P. versicolor – P. villiersi – P. werneri
Name
Phrynobatrachus Günther, 1862: 190 [conserved name]
Type species: Phrynobatrachus natalensis Günther, 1862, by monotypy.
Gender: masculine.
Placed on the Official List of Generic Name by Opinion 1921 (1999: 96).
Synonyms
Stenorhynchus Smith, 1849
Heteroglossa Hallowell, 1858
Hemimantis Peters, 1863
Leptoparius Peters, 1863
Dimorphognathus Boulenger, 1906
Pararthroleptis Ahl, 1925
Hylarthroleptis Ahl, 1925
Phrynodon Parker, 1935
Pseudarthroleptis Deckert, 1938
Micrarthroleptis Deckert, 1938
References
Primary references
Günther, A. 1862. Descriptions of new species of reptiles and fishes in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1862: 188–194.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. Opinion 1921. Petropedetinae Noble, 1931, Cacosterninae Noble, 1931 and Phrynobatrachinae Laurent, 1941 (Amphibia, Anura): given precedence over Hemimantidae Hoffmann, 1878, and Phrynobatrachinae: not given precedence over Petropedetinae. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 56(1): 96–100. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Frétey, T. 2008. Revue des genres africains Arthroleptis Smith, 1849 et Phrynobatrachus Günther, 1862 (Amphibia, Anura). Alytes 25(3–4): 99–172. ResearchGate Reference page.
Zimkus, B.M. 2009. Biogeographical analysis of Cameroonian puddle frogs and description of a new species of Phrynobatrachus (Anura: Phrynobatrachidae) endemic to Mount Oku, Cameroon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157(4): 795–813. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00579.x Open access Reference page.
Rödel, M.-O., Ofori Boateng, C., Penner, J. & Hillers, A. 2009. A new cryptic Phrynobatrachus species (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae) from Ghana, West Africa. Zootaxa 1970(1): 52–63. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1970.1.2 Paywall Reference page.
Rödel, M.-O., Ohler, A. & Hillers, A. 2010. A new extraordinary Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Phrynobatrachidae) from West Africa. Zoosystematics and Evolution 86(2): 257–261. DOI: 10.1002/zoos.201000008 Paywall Reference page.
Zimkus, B.M., Rödel, M.-O. & Hillers, A. 2010. Complex patterns of continental speciation: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of sub-Saharan puddle frogs (Phrynobatrachus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55(3): 883–900. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.012 Paywall Reference page.
Blackburn, D.C. & Rödel, M.-O. 2011. A new Puddle Frog (Phrynobatrachidae: Phrynobatrachus) from the Obudu Plateau In eastern Nigeria. Herpetologica 67(3): 271–287. DOI: 10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-10-00046.1 Paywall Reference page.
Rödel, M.-O., Onadeko, A.B., Barej, M.F. & Sandberger, L. 2012. A new polymorphic Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae) from western Nigeria. Zootaxa 3328(1): 55–65. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3328.1.5 Paywall Reference page.
Rödel, M.-O., Doherty-Bone, T., Kouete, M.T., Janzen, P., Garrett, K., Browne, R., Gonwouo, N.L., Barej, M.F. & Sandberger, L. 2012. A new small Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae) from southern Cameroon. Zootaxa 3431(1): 54–68. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3431.1.4 Paywall Reference page.
Zimkus, B.M. & Gvoždík, V. 2013. Sky Islands of the Cameroon Volcanic Line: a diversification hot spot for puddle frogs (Phrynobatrachidae: Phrynobatrachus). Zoologica Scripta 42(6): 591–611. DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12029 Paywall Reference page.
Rödel, M-O., Burger, M., Zassi-Boulou, A-G., Emmrich, M., Penner, J. & Barej, M.F. 2015. Two new Phrynobatrachus species (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae) from the Republic of the Congo. Zootaxa 4032(1): 55–80. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4032.1.3 Paywall Reference page.
Pickersgill, M., Zimkus, B.M. & Raw, L.R.G. 2017. A new species of Phrynobatrachus (Anura: Phrynobatrachidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Zootaxa 4350(1): 151–163. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4350.1.9 Paywall Reference page.
Kpan, T.F., Kouamé, N.G., Barej, M.F., Adeba, P.J., Emmrich, M., Ofori-Boateng, C. & Rödel, M-O. 2018. A new Puddle Frog, genus Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae), from the eastern part of the Upper Guinea biodiversity hotspot, West Africa. Zootaxa 4388(2): 221–237. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.2.5 Paywall Reference page.
Ofori-Boateng, C., Leaché, A.D., Obeng-Kankam, B., Kouamé, N.G., Hillers, A. & Rödel, M-O. 2018. A new species of Puddle Frog, genus Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae) from Ghana. Zootaxa 4374(4): 565–578. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4374.4.6 Paywall Reference page.
Goutte, S., Reyes-Velasco, J. & Boissinot, S. 2019. A New Species of Puddle Frog from An Unexplored Mountain in southwestern Ethiopia (Anura, Phrynobatrachidae, Phrynobatrachus). ZooKeys 824: 53–70. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.824.31570 Reference page.
Greenwood, L., Loader, S.P., Lawson, L.P., Greenbaum, E. & Zimkus, B.M. 2020. A new species of Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae) from the northern mountains of Tanzania. Journal of Natural History 54(1–4): 63–85. DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1757171 Paywall Reference page.
Gvoždík, V., Nečas, T., Dolinay, M., Zimkus, B.M., Schmitz, A. & Fokam, E.B. 2020. Evolutionary history of the Cameroon radiation of puddle frogs (Phrynobatrachidae: Phrynobatrachus), with descriptions of two critically endangered new species from the northern Cameroon Volcanic Line. PeerJ 8(e8393): 1–52. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8393 Open access Reference page.
Dolinay, M., Nečas, T., Zimkus, B.M., Schmitz, A., Fokam, E.B., Lemmon, E.M., Lemmon, A.R. & Gvoždík, V. 2021. Gene flow in phylogenomics: Sequence capture resolves species limits and biogeography of afromontane forest endemic frogs from the Cameroon Highlands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 163: 107258. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107258 Paywall Reference page.
Links
Frost, D.R. 2021. Phrynobatrachus. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1 (17 July 2022). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. DOI: 10.5531/db.vz.0001
Vernacular names
English: Puddle Frogs
Phrynobatrachus natalensis
Phrynobatrachus is a genus of Sub-Saharan frogs that form the monogeneric family Phrynobatrachidae. Their common name is puddle frogs, dwarf puddle frogs, African puddle frogs, or African river frogs.[1][2][3][4] The common name, puddle frog, refers to the fact that many species breed in temporary waterbodies such as puddles.[5]
Phrynobatrachus are among the most common amphibians in Africa. They are typically small (mostly less than 30 mm (1.2 in)[5]), fast-moving frogs. They occupy a variety of habitats from dry savannas to rainforests. Most species deposit many small eggs as a surface clutch in standing or slowly moving water and have exotrophic tadpoles.[4]
Taxonomy
Phrynobatrachidae has earlier been considered as a subfamily of Ranidae, but its recognition as a family is now well-established.[1][2][3][4] It is probably most closely related to Petropedetidae and Pyxicephalidae[1] or Ptychadenidae.[4]
This large genus may be further divided into three major clades. These clades could be treated as different genera, but this arrangement is not yet in use.[1]
Species
There are currently 96 species in this genus:[6]
Phrynobatrachus acridoides (Cope, 1867)
Phrynobatrachus acutirostris Nieden, 1912
Phrynobatrachus afiabirago Ofori-Boateng, Leaché, Obeng-Kankam, Kouamé, Hillers & Rödel, 2018
Phrynobatrachus africanus (Hallowell, 1858)
Phrynobatrachus albifer (Ahl, 1924)
Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus De Witte, 1933
Phrynobatrachus alleni Parker, 1936
Phrynobatrachus ambanguluensis Greenwood, Loader, Lawson, Greenbaum, and Zimkus, 2020
Phrynobatrachus amieti Nečas, Dolinay, Zimkus, and Gvoždík, 2021
Phrynobatrachus annulatus Perret, 1966
Phrynobatrachus anotis Schmidt and Inger, 1959
Phrynobatrachus arcanus Gvoždík, Nečas, Dolinay, Zimkus, Schmitz, and Fokam, 2020
Phrynobatrachus asper Laurent, 1951
Phrynobatrachus auritus Boulenger, 1900
Phrynobatrachus batesii (Boulenger, 1906)
Phrynobatrachus bequaerti (Barbour and Loveridge, 1929)
Phrynobatrachus bibita Goutte, Reyes-Velasco, and Boissinot, 2019
Phrynobatrachus breviceps Pickersgill, 2007
Phrynobatrachus brevipalmatus (Ahl, 1925)
Phrynobatrachus brongersmai Parker, 1936
Phrynobatrachus bullans Crutsinger, Pickersgill, Channing, and Moyer, 2004
Phrynobatrachus calcaratus (Peters, 1863)
Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku Zimkus, 2009
Phrynobatrachus congicus (Ahl, 1925)
Phrynobatrachus cornutus (Boulenger, 1906)
Phrynobatrachus cricogaster Perret, 1957
Phrynobatrachus cryptotis Schmidt and Inger, 1959
Phrynobatrachus dalcqi Laurent, 1952
Phrynobatrachus danko Blackburn, 2010
Phrynobatrachus dendrobates (Boulenger, 1919)
Phrynobatrachus discogularis Pickersgill, Zimkus, and Raw, 2017
Phrynobatrachus dispar (Peters, 1870)
Phrynobatrachus elberti (Ahl, 1925)
Phrynobatrachus francisci Boulenger, 1912
Phrynobatrachus fraterculus (Chabanaud, 1921)
Phrynobatrachus gastoni Barbour and Loveridge, 1928
Phrynobatrachus ghanensis Schiøtz, 1964
Phrynobatrachus giorgii De Witte, 1921
Phrynobatrachus graueri (Nieden, 1911)
Phrynobatrachus guineensis Guibé and Lamotte, 1962
Phrynobatrachus gutturosus (Chabanaud, 1921)
Phrynobatrachus hieroglyphicus Rödel, Ohler, and Hillers, 2010
Phrynobatrachus horsti Rödel, Burger, Zassi-Boufou, Emmrich, Penner, and Barej, 2015
Phrynobatrachus hylaios Perret, 1959
Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus Largen, 2001
Phrynobatrachus intermedius Rödel, Boateng, Penner, and Hillers, 2009
Phrynobatrachus irangi Drewes and Perret, 2000
Phrynobatrachus jimzimkusi Zimkus, Gvoždík, and Gonwouo, 2013
Phrynobatrachus kakamikro Schick, Zimkus, Channing, Köhler, and Lötters, 2010
Phrynobatrachus keniensis Barbour and Loveridge, 1928
Phrynobatrachus kinangopensis Angel, 1924
Phrynobatrachus krefftii Boulenger, 1909
Phrynobatrachus latifrons Ahl, 1924
Phrynobatrachus leveleve Uyeda, Drewes, and Zimkus, 2007
Phrynobatrachus liberiensis Barbour and Loveridge, 1927
Phrynobatrachus mababiensis FitzSimons, 1932
Phrynobatrachus maculiventris Guibé and Lamotte, 1958
Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis (Angel, 1940)
Phrynobatrachus mayokoensis Rödel, Burger, Zassi-Boulou, Emmrich, Penner, and Barej, 2015
Phrynobatrachus mbabo Gvoždík, Nečas, Dolinay, Zimkus, Schmitz, and Fokam, 2020
Phrynobatrachus minutus (Boulenger, 1895)
Phrynobatrachus nanus (Ahl, 1925)
Phrynobatrachus natalensis (Smith, 1849)
Phrynobatrachus njiomock Zimkus and Gvoždík, 2013
Phrynobatrachus ogoensis (Boulenger, 1906)
Phrynobatrachus pakenhami Loveridge, 1941
Phrynobatrachus pallidus Pickersgill, 2007
Phrynobatrachus parkeri De Witte, 1933
Phrynobatrachus parvulus (Boulenger, 1905)
Phrynobatrachus perpalmatus Boulenger, 1898
Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides Ahl, 1924
Phrynobatrachus phyllophilus Rödel and Ernst, 2002
Phrynobatrachus pintoi Hillers, Zimkus, and Rödel, 2008
Phrynobatrachus plicatus (Günther, 1858)
Phrynobatrachus pygmaeus (Ahl, 1925)
Phrynobatrachus rainerguentheri Rödel, Onadeko, Barej, and Sandberger, 2012
Phrynobatrachus rouxi (Nieden, 1912)
Phrynobatrachus rungwensis (Loveridge, 1932)
Phrynobatrachus ruthbeateae Rödel, Doherty-Bone, Kouete, Janzen, Garrett, Browne, Gonwouo, Barej, and Sandberger, 2012
Phrynobatrachus sandersoni (Parker, 1935)
Phrynobatrachus scapularis (De Witte, 1933)
Phrynobatrachus scheffleri (Nieden, 1911)
Phrynobatrachus schioetzi Blackburn and Rödel, 2011
Phrynobatrachus steindachneri Nieden, 1910
Phrynobatrachus sternfeldi (Ahl, 1924)
Phrynobatrachus stewartae Poynton and Broadley, 1985
Phrynobatrachus sulfureogularis Laurent, 1951
Phrynobatrachus taiensis Perret, 1988
Phrynobatrachus tanoeensis Kpan, Kouamé, Barej, Adeba, Emmrich, Boateng, and Rödel, 2018
Phrynobatrachus tokba (Chabanaud, 1921)
Phrynobatrachus ukingensis (Loveridge, 1932)
Phrynobatrachus ungujae Pickersgill, 2007
Phrynobatrachus uzungwensis Grandison and Howell, 1983
Phrynobatrachus versicolor Ahl, 1924
Phrynobatrachus villiersi Guibé, 1959
Phrynobatrachus werneri (Nieden, 1910)
References
Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Phrynobatrachidae Laurent, 1941". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
"Phrynobatrachidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
Blackburn, D. C.; Wake, D. B. (2011). "Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 39–55. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.8.
Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 507.
Zimkus, B. "Phrynobatrachus Günther, 1862". African Amphibians Lifedesk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
Frost, Darrel R. (2022). "Phrynobatrachus Günther, 1862". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
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