Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Megophryidae
Subfamilia: Megophryinae
Genus: Xenophrys
Species (30): X. ancrae – X. apatani – X. auralensis – X. awuh – X. damrei – X. dehongensis – X. dzukou – X. flavipunctata – X. glandulosa – X. himalayana – X. lancangica – X. lekaguli – X. major – X. mangshanensis – X. maosonensis – X. medogensis – X. megacephala – X. monticola – X. numhbumaeng – X. oreocrypta – X. oropedion – X. pangdaensis – X. periosa – X. robusta – X. serchhipii – X. takensis – X. truongsonensis – X. yingjiangensis – X. zhangi – X. zunhebotoensis
X. auralensis - - X. zunhebotoensis
Name
Xenophrys Günther, 1864: 414
Type species: Xenophrys monticola Günther, 1864, by monotypy.
Synonyms
Liuophrys Fei, Ye & Jiang in Fei & Ye, 2016: 614
Type species: Megophrys glandulosa Fei, Ye & Huang, 1990, by original designation.
References
Primary references
Günther, A.C.L.G. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. Ray Society: London. xxvii + 452 pp. BHL Reference page.
Fei, F. & Ye, C.-Y. 2016. Amphibians of China. Volume 1. Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Press: Beijing, China.
Additional references
Lyu, Z.-T., Qi, S., Wang, J., Zhang, S.-Y., Zhao, J., Zeng, Z.-C., Wan, H., Yang, J.-H., Mo, Y.-M. & Wang, Y.-Y. 2023. Generic classification of Asian horned toads (Anura: Megophryidae: Megophryinae) and monograph of Chinese species. Zoological Research 44(2): 380–450. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.372 Open access Reference page.
Shu, G-C., Li, K., Wu, Y-Y., Liu, Q., He, Z-P., Li, L., Zhang, H. & Guo, P. 2023. A new species of Xenophrys (Amphibia, Anura, Megophryidae) from southern Tibet, China. Zookeys 1182: 307–329. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1182.106828 Open access Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Asian Horned Toads
Xenophrys is a genus of amphibians in the family Megophryidae. They are found in southeastern Asia (including China and northeastern India) to Borneo. Their common name is strange-horned toads.[1]
Tadpole of Xenophrys brachykolos
Conservation
Of the 36 Xenophrys species that the International Union for Conservation of Nature has evaluated, most are either "Data Deficient" or of "Least Concern". However, one species is considered "Critically Endangered" (Xenophrys damrei) "Endangered" (Xenophrys takensis), one is "Vulnerable" (Xenophrys auralensis), and six are "Near Threatened".[2]
Taxonomy
The genus was previously found to be strongly polyphyletic, and awaiting a better solution, they were synonymized in the genus Megophrys.[1] Following subsequent studies and reclassification, the genus has been revalidated.[3]
Species
Presently, Amphibian Species of the World classifies the following 31 species in Xenophrys:[1]
Xenophrys aceras (Boulenger, 1903) — Perak horned toad
Xenophrys ancrae (Mahony, Teeling & Biju, 2013) — Namdapha horned toadfrog
Xenophrys apatani Saikia et al., 2024[4]
Xenophrys auralensis (Ohler, Swan, and Daltry, 2002) — Aural horned toad
Xenophrys awuh (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020) — Naga Hills horned frog
Xenophrys damrei (Mahony, 2011) — Damrei horned toad
Xenophrys dzukou (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020) — Dzükou Valley horned frog
Xenophrys flavipunctata (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — yellow spotted white-lipped horned frog
Xenophrys glandulosa (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990) — glandular horned toad
Xenophrys himalayana (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — Himalayan horned frog
Xenophrys lekaguli (Stuart, Chuaynkern, Chan-ard, and Inger, 2006) — Lekagul's horned toad
Xenophrys longipes (Boulenger, 1886) — red-legged horned toad
Xenophrys major (Boulenger, 1908) — Great Stream horned toad
Xenophrys mangshanensis (Fei and Ye, 1990) — Mangshan horned toad
Xenophrys maosonensis (Bourret, 1937) — Maoson horned toad
Xenophrys medogensis (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1983) — Medog horned toad
Xenophrys megacephala (Mahony, Sengupta, Kamei, and Biju, 2011) — big-headed horned frog
Xenophrys monticola Günther, 1864 — mountain horned frog
Xenophrys numhbumaeng (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020) — Tamenglong horned frog
Xenophrys oreocrypta (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — Garo white-lipped horned frog
Xenophrys oropedion (Mahony, Teeling & Biju, 2013) — Shyllong horned toad
Xenophrys pachyproctus (Huang, 1981) — convex-vented horned toad
Xenophrys periosa (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — giant Himalayan horned frog
Xenophrys robusta (Boulenger, 1908) — robust horned toad
Xenophrys serchhipii Mathew and Sen, 2007 — Serchhip horned toad
Xenophrys takensis (Mahony, 2011) — Tak horned toad
Xenophrys truongsonensis Luong, Hoang, Pham, Nguyen, Orlov, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2022 — Truongson horned toad
Xenophrys vegrandis (Mahony, Teeling, Biju, 2013)
Xenophrys yeae (Shi, Zhang, Xie, Jiang, Liu, Ding, Luan, and Wang, 2020) — Ye's horned toad
Xenophrys zhangi (Ye and Fei, 1992) — Zhang's horned toad
Xenophrys zhoui (Shi, Zhang, Xie, Jiang, Liu, Ding, Luan, and Wang, 2020) — Zhou's horned toad
Xenophrys zunhebotoensis Mathew and Sen, 2007 — Zunheboto horned toad
References
Frost, Darrel R. (2013). "Xenophrys Günther, 1864". Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
IUCN (2014). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>". Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Chen, Jin-Min; Zhou, Wei-Wei; Poyarkov, Nikolay A.; Stuart, Bryan L.; Brown, Rafe M.; Lathrop, Amy; Wang, Ying-Yong; Yuan, Zhi-Yong; Jiang, Ke; Hou, Mian; Chen, Hong-Man; Suwannapoom, Chatmongkon; Nguyen, Sang Ngoc; Duong, Tang Van; Papenfuss, Theodore J. (2017-01-01). "A novel multilocus phylogenetic estimation reveals unrecognized diversity in Asian horned toads, genus Megophrys sensu lato (Anura: Megophryidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 106: 28–43. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.004. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 27622725.
Bhaskar Saikia, Bikramjit Sinha, A. Shabnam, et al. 2024. On A New Species of Xenophrys (Anura: Megophryidae) from Tale Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India with Comments on the earlier erroneous report as X. maosonensis (Bourret, 1937). Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 124 (Special issue of ATS 2024); 21-40.
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