Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Parvordo: Corvida
Superfamilia: Corvoidea
Familia: Paradisaeidae
Genus: Astrapia
Species: A. mayeri – A. nigra – A. rothschildi – A. splendidissima – A. stephaniae
Name
Astrapia Vieillot, 1816
References
Analyse D'Une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire p. 36
Astrapia (Vieillot, 1816) is a genus of birds-of-paradise. The genus contains five species, all endemic to New Guinea. The males have highly iridescent plumage and remarkably long tails. Females are duller and have shorter tails.
Barnes's astrapia is a hybrid produced by the interbreeding of Princess Stephanie's astrapia and the ribbon-tailed astrapia.[1]
Taxonomy
The genus Astrapia was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot to accommodate the Arfak astrapia, which therefore becomes the type species.[2][3] The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek astrapios or astrapaios meaning "of lightning".[4]
The genus is suggested to be monophyletic, roughly six million years old, and forms a sister-group with the two species in the genus Paradigalla.[5] Astrapia and Paradigalla are members of a larger clade that includes the other long-tail birds-of-paradise from the genus Epimachus.[6]
Species
The genus contains five species:[7]
Arfak astrapia, Astrapia nigra
Splendid astrapia, Astrapia splendidissima
Ribbon-tailed astrapia, Astrapia mayeri
Princess Stephanie's astrapia, Astrapia stephaniae
Huon astrapia, Astrapia rothschildi
Within the genus, A. nigra and A. splendidissima are sister species, which together are sister to a clade that includes A. rothschildi, A. mayeri and A. stephaniae with A. rothschildi as the basal member.[8]
Description
Ribbon-tailed Astrapia, Papua New Guinea
The five species of the genus Astrapia are endemic to New Guinea in the mountains of Volgelkop, the central ranges and the Huon Peninsula. Of these, three are allopatric—A. nigra, A. splendidissima and A. rothschildi. The other two—A. mayeri and A. stephaniae—overlap with each other at the margins of their respective elevation ranges in a small part of Papua New Guinea's central highlands.[1][5]
All species within Astrapia exhibit sexual dimorphism. Adult males appear mostly jet-black under most lighting conditions, with highly iridescent greenish-blue heads, an intensely reflective coppery-orange band on the upper breast and either a deep violet (nearly black) or mostly white tail.[6] The three allopatric species also have iridescent green lower abdomen. Adult females are duller blackish-brown, with smaller, white smudged tails running down their lengths.[9]
Behavior
Mating and breeding
Breeding behaviors are not well known, but all species are thought to be polygamous, with promiscuous males that use arboreal display sites, and with females providing all parental care.[9] Summaries from species accounts indicate a few simple behaviors including a form of hoping back and forth between branches and an inverted display posture in A. rothschildi.[6] At traditional sites in the forest canopy, Astrapia stephaniae is known to form leks.[6][10]
There are seven distinct male courtship displays that have been documented: perch-hopping, pivoting, inverted tail-fanning, nape-pecking, post-copulatory tumbling, upright sleeked posturing and branch-sidling.[6] Of the male behaviors, perch-hopping is the most broadly distributed among all species but A. nigra. In all of them, the displaying bird moves quickly between multiple branches by hopping or making short flight-hops. In A. rothschildi, hopping between perches sometimes includes chasing females (or female plumaged individuals). It is unclear if chasing is a component of perch-hopping in the other species.[6]
A type of pivot display is known from two species, A. rothschildi and A. mayeri. In both, it involves repeatedly moving in a ritualized fashion from side-to-side with feet more-or-less in a fixed position. The most distinctive feature of the A. rothschildi pivot is wing flicking, whereas in A. mayeri the most distinctive features are the very ritualized hunchbacked posture and the highly exaggerated swishing movement of the male's long ribbon-like tail.[6]
The Arfak astrapia and the Huon astrapia have a distinctive and specialized display behavior, which is called the inverted tail-fan display. When the abdominal feathers are sky-oriented during the display, their green iridescent feathers (that would appear otherwise dark) become highly visible; the splendid astrapia also has highly iridescent green abdominal plumage, which raises the question about if it too has an undocumented inverted display behavior.
References
Peckover, William S. (1990). Papua New Guinea Birds of Paradise. Carina, Queensland, Australia: Robert Brown & Associates. ISBN 9781862730441. OCLC 29009168.
Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 36.
Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 191.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gregory, Phil (2020). Birds of Paradise and Bowerbirds. London: Helm. ISBN 9781472975843. OCLC 1152300686.
Prum, R (2017-11-08). "Peer Review #3 of 'Visual and acoustic components of courtship in the bird-of-paradise genus Astrapia (Aves: Paradisaeidae) (v0.1)'". PeerJ. doi:10.7287/peerj.3987v0.1/reviews/3.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Crows, mudnesters, melampittas, Ifrit, birds-of-paradise". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
Irestedt, Martin; Jønsson, Knud A; Fjeldså, Jon; Christidis, Les; Ericson, Per GP (2009). "An unexpectedly long history of sexual selection in birds-of-paradise". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 235. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..235I. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-235. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2755009. PMID 19758445.
Pratt, Thane K.; Bruce M. Beehler (2015). "Birds of Paradise: Paradisaeidae". Birds of New Guinea (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 473–486. doi:10.1515/9781400865116.473. ISBN 978-1-4008-6511-6. OCLC 894139572. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
Diamond, J (Nov 1986). "Biology of Birds of Paradise and Bowerbirds". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 17 (1): 17–37. Bibcode:1986AnRES..17...17D. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.000313. ISSN 0066-4162.
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