Phasianus

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Sauropsida
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Cladus: Diapsida
Cladus: Neodiapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Cladus: Archelosauria
Cladus: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crocopoda
Cladus: Archosauriformes
Cladus: Eucrocopoda
Cladus: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Cladus: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Subclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Cladus: Neornithes
Infraclassis: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Galliformes
Subordo: Phasiani
Superfamilia: Phasianoidea

Familia: Phasianidae
Subfamilia: Phasianinae
Genus: Phasianus
Species: P. colchicus - P. versicolor
Name

Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758

Gender: masculine

Typus: Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758

Fixation: Linnean tautonymy
References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 158 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Fisant
aragonés: Fresana
مصرى: تدرج
العربية: تدرج
asturianu: Faisán
azərbaycanca: Qırqovul
беларуская: Фазан
български: Фазан
català: Faisà
corsu: Fasgianu
čeština: Bažant
Cymraeg: Ffesant
dansk: Fasan
Deutsch: Fasan
Ελληνικά: Φασιανός
English: Pheasant
Esperanto: Fazano
español: Faisán
eesti: Faasan
euskara: Faisai
فارسی: قرقاول
suomi: Fasaani
français: Faisan
Frysk: Fazant
Gaeilge: Piasún
galego: Faisán
עברית: פסיון
hrvatski: Fazan
magyar: Fácán
Bahasa Indonesia: Pegar
Ido: Fazano
íslenska: Fashani
italiano: Fagiano
ქართული: ხოხობი
қазақша: Қырғауыл
한국어: 꿩
Lëtzebuergesch: Fasan
lietuvių: Fazanas
latviešu: Fazāns
македонски: Фазан
монгол: Гургуул
Nederlands: Fazant
norsk nynorsk: Fasan
norsk: Fasan
occitan: Faisan
polski: Bażant
português: Faisão
română: Fazan
русский: Фазан
Scots: Pheisant
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Fazan
slovenčina: Bažant
slovenščina: Fazan
shqip: Fazani
српски / srpski: Fazan / фазан
svenska: Fasan
Türkçe: Sülün
українська: Фазан
Tiếng Việt: Chi Trĩ
West-Vlams: Fazante
中文: 雉属

The "typical" pheasant genus Phasianus in the family Phasianidae consists of two species. The genus name is Latin for pheasant.
Taxonomy

The genus Phasianus was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[1] The genus name is Latin for "pheasant". The word is derived from the Ancient Greek φἀσιἀνος, phāsiānos, meaning "(bird) of the Phasis". The birds were found by the Argonauts on the banks of the River Phasis (now the Rioni) in Colchis on the east coast of the Black Sea (now western Georgia).[2] The type species of the genus is the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus).[3]
Species

The genus contains just two species.[4]

Male	Female	Name	Common name	Distribution
		Phasianus colchicus	common pheasant	Asia introduced to Europe, North America
		Phasianus versicolor	green pheasant	Japan

The common pheasant (P. colchicus) has about 30 recognised subspecies forming five or six distinct groups; one is only found on the island of Taiwan off the southern coast of continental China, and the rest on the Asian mainland, reaching west to the Caucasus. Some subspecies have been introduced to Europe, North America and elsewhere, where they have hybridized and become well established.

The green pheasant (P. versicolor) is a species from Japan that the fossil record suggests diverged about 2.0–1.8 million years ago from P. colchicus.[5]

Fossil remains of a Phasianus pheasant have been found in Late Miocene rocks in China. Additionally, fossil material belonging to a new species of Phasianus was described in 2020 as P. bulgaricus. The fossils were recovered from Miocene (Turolian) strata in Bulgaria.[6] Thus, like many other phasianid genera, this lineage dates back more than 5,000,000 years.
Sexual selection

Phasianus pheasants are a harem polygynous species that are a highly sexually dimorphic genus, where males are large and elaborately ornamented with brightly coloured plumage, ear tufts, wattles, spurs, and long tails, compared to females that are non-ornamented with a dull cryptic plumage.[7][8][9] They have a polygynous mating system that is based upon males defending mating territories during breeding season in the early spring to control access to females with higher quality resources and defence against predation.[7][10][11] Females are free to move between different male territories, allowing them to benefit from direct or indirect benefits by choosing high quality mates and areas with better resources for their offspring.[11] Phasianus chicks are precocial so males provide no parental care for their young.[7][10][11]

A male's ornaments and weaponry are a symbol of status that allow females and rivals to examine a male's fitness and fighting ability.[7] During breeding season, males court females or challenge other males by enlarging their sexual traits, sloping their body towards their opponent or mate while spreading their tail and plumage, inflating the wattle and raising their ear tufts.[11] Older males usually have more exaggerated ornaments and weaponry than younger males, and are more likely to mate and control larger territories.[12] Submissive or juvenile males will conceal their wattle display from bigger males, reducing their chance of mating but minimizing their risk of injury by avoiding physical conflict with a more dominant male.[11] The general brightness of the plumage may also be used to identify healthy males from unhealthy males.[7] Only in cases where males exhibit similar characteristics, do males attack one another.[13]

To display these traits throughout breeding season entails a physiological cost, leading to an endurance rivalry between males, where only males that can afford to display these breeding rituals will pass on their genes to their offspring.[11][13] An example of this can be seen in the length of a male's spur and the wattle display that is enlarged during sexual displays; both are considered costly as they are highly dependent on nutrition and testosterone levels.[8][9][14][15][16] Females generally prefer brighter wattles and longer spurs.[8] The brightness in the wattle comes from storing a carotenoid pigment known as astaxanthin in their diet that is inhibited by an infestation of parasites.[8] Only healthy individuals in good physical condition can afford to fully express bigger and brighter wattles, which may also be associated with disease resistance.[8][16] Spurs function not only as weapons in combat between males but also as an important cue in female choice as the length of the spur signifies the male's phenotypic condition (age, weight, size) and viability.[10][14] Studies have found that longer spurs resulted in bigger harem sizes compared to males with shorter spurs.[15]

Females will benefit from choosing males with higher expressed ornaments, as her offspring will also inherit these genes, increasing their survival and chance for reproduction (sexy son hypothesis).[11]
References

Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 158.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 121.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
Lixun Zhang, Bei An,Niclas Backstrom, Naifa Liu (2013). "Phylogeography-Based Delimitation of Subspecies Boundaries in the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)". Biochem Genet.
Boev, Zlatozar (2020-03-18). "First European Neogene record of true pheasants from Gorna Sushitsa (SW Bulgaria)". Historia naturalis bulgarica. 41 (5): 33–39. doi:10.48027/hnb.41.05001.
Mateos, C.; Carranza, J. (1997). "Signals in intra-sexual competition between ring-necked pheasant males". Animal Behaviour. 53 (3): 471–485. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0297. S2CID 53197441.
Ohlsson, T.; Smith, H. G.; Raberg, L.; Hasselquist, D. (2002). "Pheasant sexual ornaments reflect nutritional conditions during early growth". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1486): 21–27. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1848. PMC 1690866. PMID 11788032.
Briganti, F.; Papeschi, A.; Mugnai, T.; Dessì-Fulgheri, F. (1999). "Effect of testosterone on male traits and behaviour in juvenile pheasants". Ethology Ecology and Evolution. 11 (2): 171–178. Bibcode:1999EtEcE..11..171B. doi:10.1080/08927014.1999.9522834.
Goransson, G.; Von Schantz, T.; Groberg, I.; Helgee, A.; Wittzell, H. (1990). "Male characteristics, viability and harem size in the pheasant, Phasianus colchicus". Animal Behaviour. 40 (1): 89–104. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80668-2. S2CID 53145860.
Mateos, C (1998). "Sexual selection in the ring-necked pheasant: A review". Ethology Ecology and Evolution. 10 (4): 313–332. Bibcode:1998EtEcE..10..313M. doi:10.1080/08927014.1998.9522846.
Grahn, M.; Von Schantz, T. (1994). "Fashion and age in pheasants: Age differences in mate choice". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 255 (1344): 237–241. doi:10.1098/rspb.1994.0034. S2CID 140563409.
Mateos, C.; Carranza, J. (1999). "Effects of male dominance and courtship display on female choice in the ring-necked pheasant". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 45 (3/4): 235–244. Bibcode:1999BEcoS..45..235M. doi:10.1007/s002650050558. S2CID 2494456.
von Schantz, T.; Göransson, G.; Andersson, G.; Fröberg, I.; Grahn, M.; Helgée, A.; Wittzell, H. (1989). "Female choice selects for a viability-based male trait in pheasants". Nature. 337 (6203): 166–9. Bibcode:1989Natur.337..166V. doi:10.1038/337166a0. PMID 2911350. S2CID 4372336.
Mateos, C.; Carranza, J. (1996). "On the intersexual selection for spurs in the ring-necked pheasant". Behavioral Ecology. 7 (3): 362–369. doi:10.1093/beheco/7.3.362.
Papeschi, A.; Dessì-Fulgheri, F. (2003). "Multiple ornaments are positively related to male survival in the common pheasant". Animal Behaviour. 65 (1): 143–147. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.2013. S2CID 53149679.