Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Podiata
Cladus: Amorphea
Cladus: Obazoa
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Metopophora
Cladus: Haptodontiformes
Cladus: Sphenacomorpha
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Eutheriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Epicynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliamorpha
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Cladus: Theriimorpha
Cladus: Theriiformes
Cladus: Trechnotheria
Cladus: Cladotheria
Cladus: Prototribosphenida
Cladus: Zatheria
Cladus: Tribosphenida
Cladus: Boreosphenida
Subclassis: Theria
Cladus: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Magnordo: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Grandordo: Ferungulata
Mirordo: Euungulata
Ordo: Perissodactyla
Familia: †Chalicotheriidae
Genus: †Ancylotherium
Species: †A. pentelicum
Name
Ancylotherium Gaudry, 1863
References
Ancylotherium (from Greek, meaning "hooked beast") is an extinct genus of the family Chalicotheriidae, subfamily Schizotheriinae, endemic to Europe, Asia, and Africa during the Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene (11.6—1.8 mya), existing for approximately 9.8 million years.[1]
Taxonomy
Ancylotherium was named by Gaudry (1863) and was assigned to Chalicotheriidae by Carroll (1988); and to Schizotheriinae by Geraads et al. (2007).[2][3]
Description
Model head based on depiction from documentary Walking with Beasts
Life restoration
With some individuals reaching 2 metres (6.6 ft) high at the shoulder and a weight of 450 kilograms (990 lb), Ancylotherium was relatively large, and was built rather like a goat.[4] Individuals varied considerably in size, and the genus may have been sexually dimorphic, like many other chalicotheres.[5] While it had the typical long forelimbs and short hind limbs of a chalicothere, like other schizotheriines, it did not walk on its knuckles. It was similar to the North American genus Moropus. In at least some individuals of A. pentelicum the frontal bone of the skull is inflated to form a dome, similar to but less marked than in the "dome-headed" chalicothere Tylocephalonyx. This genus is North American and Ancylotherium is likely to be more closely related to other African and European genera, so the feature may have evolved independently in two lineages. This would suggest it reflects a common behavior in schizotheriine chalicotheres, such as using the head as a battering ram in territorial or dominance contests, as modern giraffes do.[5] Ancylotherium had the highest-crowned teeth of any chalicothere, suggesting a diet of more abrasive plants. While this has been reconstructed as leaves, twigs, and tree bark,[6] one skull discovered in China was from a dry steppe zone with few trees; the genus may have been less dependent on browsing leaves than other chalicotheres.[7]
Environment
Ancylotherium's habitat was the savannahs of Eurasia, East and South Africa. As a herbivore, it evolved to browse on vegetation on the trees in the grassy savannahs of Africa. Ancylotherium's closest relatives are the other perissodactyls, or "odd-toed" ungulates, including the extinct brontotheres and modern-day mammals such as horses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses.
Fossil distribution and chronology
Fossil remains of Ancylotherium have been found at many of the hominid fossil sites in Plio-Pleistocene Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania, including sites in Laetoli, Olduvai and Omo.[1] Furthermore, Miocene era fossils of Ancylotherium are located in Kenya,[8] Bulgaria,[9] Greece,[10][11] Turkey,[12] Iran,[13] and Afghanistan.[14]
In Africa, the range of the genus spans from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene, making it one of the last surviving chalicotheres.[8]
See also
Moropus (a North American chalicothere)
References
"PaleobiologyDatabase: Ancylotherium". paleodb.org. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1-698
D. Geraads, E. Tsoukala, and N. Spassov. 2007. A skull of Ancylotherium (Chalicotheriidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Thermopigi (Serres, N. Greece) and the relationships of the genus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
"Ancylotherium - paleofiles.com". Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2022-09-08.
Geraads, Denis; Tsoukala, Evangelia; Spassov, Nikolaï (2007-06-12). "A skull of Ancylotherium (Chalicotheriidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Thermopigi (Serres, N. Greece) and the relationships of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (2): 461–466. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[461:ASOACM]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 54984434.
Kampouridis, Panagiotis; Roussiakis, Socrates J.; Giaourtsakis, Ioannis X.; Kargopoulos, Nikolaos; Svorligkou, Georgia; Theodorou, Georgios E. (2022-03-01). "Ancylotherium pentelicum (Mammalia, Chalicotheriidae) from the late Miocene of Kerassia (Greece) and remarks on its intraspecific variability". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 102 (1): 193–203. Bibcode:2022PdPe..102..193K. doi:10.1007/s12549-021-00497-w. ISSN 1867-1608. S2CID 235801479.
Chen, Shao-kun; Deng, Tao; Pang, Li-bo; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-qin (2012-11-01). "A juvenile skull of Ancylotherium (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae) from the Pliocene of China". Geobios. 45 (6): 527–534. Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..527C. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2012.06.002. ISSN 0016-6995.
Handa, Naoto; Nakatsukasa, Masato; Kunimatsu, Yutaka; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Nakaya, Hideo (2 December 2021). "The Chalicotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the upper Miocene Nakali Formation, Kenya". Historical Biology. 33 (12): 3522–3529. Bibcode:2021HBio...33.3522H. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1876042. ISSN 0891-2963.
Spassov, Nikolay; Geraads, Denis; Hristova, Latinka; Markov, Georgi N. (22 March 2019). "The late Miocene mammal fauna from Gorna Sushitsa, southwestern Bulgaria, and the early/middle Turolian transition". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 291 (3): 317–350. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0804. ISSN 0077-7749. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
Koufos, George Dimitrios (July–September 2012). "New material of Chalicotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Axios Valley, Macedonia (Greece) with the description of a new species". Annales de Paléontologie. 98 (3): 203–224. Bibcode:2012AnPal..98..203K. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2012.06.002. Retrieved 7 September 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Roussiakis, S.J.; Theodorou, G.E. (January 2001). "Ancylotherium pentelicum (Gaudry & Lartet, 1856) (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the classic locality of Pikermi (Attica, Greece), stored in the Palaeontological and Geological Museum of Athens". Geobios. 34 (5): 563–584. Bibcode:2001Geobi..34..563R. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(01)80070-X. Retrieved 7 September 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Saraç, Gerçek; Kaya, Tanju; Geraads, Denis (March–April 2002). "Ancylotherium pentelicum (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of central and western Turkey". Geobios. 35 (2): 241–251. Bibcode:2002Geobi..35Q.241S. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(02)00020-7. Retrieved 7 September 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Kampouridis, Panagiotis; Mirzaie Ataabadi, Majid; Hartung, Josephina; Augustin, Felix J. (19 September 2024). "The easternmost occurrence of the Late Miocene schizotheriine chalicothere Ancylotherium pentelicum at the classical locality of Maragheh (Iran)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 31 (3). doi:10.1007/s10914-024-09730-7. ISSN 1064-7554. Retrieved 23 November 2024 – via Springer Nature Link.
Sen, Sevket (January 1998). "The age of the Molayan mammal locality, Afghanistan". Geobios. 31 (3): 385–391. Bibcode:1998Geobi..31Q.385S. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(98)80021-1. Retrieved 7 September 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
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