Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Ovalentaria
Superordo: Cichlomorphae
Ordo: Cichliformes
Familia: Cichlidae
Subfamilia: Geophaginae
Genera (13): Acarichthys - Apistogramma - Apistogrammoides - Biotodoma - Biotoecus - Crenicara - Dicrossus - Geophagus - Gymnogeophagus - Mazarunia - Mikrogeophagus - Satanoperca - Taeniacara
Name
Geophaginae
Geophagini is a tribe of cichlids from the subfamily Cichlinae, the American cichlids. It is the sister taxon to the clade which includes the Cichlasomatini and Heroini. Fishes in the Geophagini are distributed from Panama south to Argentina, it is the most speciose of the seven tribes within the Cichlinae and it is subdivided into three sub-tribes, Acarichthyina, Crenicaratina, and Geophagina which together contain over 200 species.[2] Geophagines show morphological and behavioural specialisations to enable them to sift the substrates within their mouths so that they can separate benthic invertebrates from substrates dominated by sand or silt.[3]
Classification
The Geophagini are classified as follows:[2]
Subtribe Acarichthyina Kullander, 1998
Genus Acarichthys C. H. Eigenmann, 1912
Genus Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
Subtribe Crenicaratina Kullander, 1998
Genus Biotoecus C. H. Eigenmann & C. H. Kennedy, 1903
Genus Crenicara Steindachner, 1875
Genus Crenicichla Heckel, 1840
Genus Dicrossus Steindachner, 1875
Genus Teleocichla Kullander, 1988
Subtribe Geophagina Haseman, 1911
Genus Apistogramma Regan, 1913
Genus Apistogrammoides Meinken, 1965
Genus Biotodoma C. H. Eigenmann & C. H. Kennedy, 1903
Genus Geophagus Heckel, 1840
Genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918
Genus Mazarunia Kullander, 1990
Genus Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen, 1968
Genus Satanoperca Günther, 1862
Genus Taeniacara G. S. Myers, 1935
References
Malabarba, Maria C.; Malabarba, Luiz R.; López-Fernández, Hernán (2014). "On the Eocene cichlids from the Lumbrera Formation: additions and implications for the Neotropical ichthyofauna". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.830021.
Wm. Leo Smith; Prosanta Chakrabarty; John S. Sparks (2008). "Phylogeny, taxonomy, and evolution of Neotropical cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Cichlinae)" (PDF). Cladistics. 24 (5): 624–641.
Hernán López-Fernández; Jessica H. Arbour; Kirk. O. Winemiller; Rodney L. Honeycutt (2012). "Testing for Ancient Adaptive Radiations in Neotropical Cichlid Fishes". Evolution. 67 (5): 1321–1337. doi:10.1111/evo.12038. PMID 23617911.
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