Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Bivalvia
Subclassis: Heterodonta
Ordo: Veneroida
Superfamilia: Corbiculoidea
Familia: Sphaeriidae
Genus: Pisidium
Subgenera: P. (Afropisidium) – P. (Rivulina)
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Overview of species
P. amnicum – P. casertanum – P. hodgkini – P. novaezelandiae
...
Name
Pisidium Pfeiffer, 1821
Vernacular names
беларуская: Гарошынкі
Pisidium is a genus of very small or minute freshwater clams known as pill clams or pea clams, aquatic bivalve molluscs in the family Sphaeriidae, the pea clams and fingernail clams.
In some bivalve classification systems, the family Sphaeriidae is referred to as Pisidiidae, and occasionally Pisidium species are grouped in a subfamily known as Pisidiinae.
Pisidium and taphonomy
In large enough quantities, the minute shells of these bivalves can affect environmental conditions, and this change in conditions can positively affect the ability of organic remains in the immediate environment to fossilize (one aspect of taphonomy).[1] For example, in the Dinosaur Park Formation, the fossil remains of hadrosaur eggshells are rare.[2] This is because the breakdown of tannins from the local coniferous vegetation caused the ancient waters to be acidic, and therefore usually eggshell fragments dissolved in the water before they had a chance to be fossilized.[3]
Hadrosaur eggshell fragments are however present in two microfossil sites in the area. Both of these sites are dominated by preserved shells of invertebrate life, primarily shells of pisidiids.[2] The slow dissolution of these minute bivalve shells released calcium carbonate into the water, raising the water's pH high enough that it prevented the hadrosaur eggshell fragments from dissolving before they could be fossilized.[4]
Drawing of the right valve external view of Pisidium moitessierianum
Drawing of the right valve external view of Pisidium moitessierianum
Drawing of the right valve internal view of Pisidium moitessierianum
Drawing of the right valve internal view of Pisidium moitessierianum
Drawing of the right valve lateral view of Pisidium moitessierianum
Drawing of the right valve lateral view of Pisidium moitessierianum
SEM image of Pisidium sp.
SEM image of Pisidium sp.
Extant subgenera and species
Extant subgenera and species within the genus Pisidium include:
Subgenus Euglesa Jenyns, 1832
Pisidium casertanum (Poli, 1791)
Pisidium globulare Clessin, 1873
Pisidium personatum Malm, 1855
Subgenus Pisidium Pfeiffer, 1821
Pisidium amnicum (O. F. Müller, 1774)
Pisidium dilatatum Westerlund, 1897
Subgenus Cyclocalyx Dall, 1903
Pisidium hinzi Kuiper, 1975
Pisidium obtusale (Lamarck, 1818)
Subgenus Tropidocyclas Dall, 1903
Pisidium henslowanum (Sheppard, 1823)
Pisidium lilljeborgii Clessin, 1886
Pisidium supinum A. Schmidt, 1851
Pisidium waldeni Kuiper, 1975
Subgenus Hiberneuglesa Starobogatov, 1983
Pisidium hibernicum Westerlund, 1894
Subgenus Cingulipisidium Pirogov & Starobogatov, 1974
Pisidium crassum Stelfox, 1918
Pisidium milium Held, 1836
Pisidium nitidum Jenyns, 1832
Pisidium pseudosphaerium Favre, 1927
Subgenus Pseudeupera Germain, 1909
Pisidium pulchellum Jenyns, 1832
Pisidium subtruncatum Malm, 1855
Subgenus Neopisidium Odhner, 1921
Pisidium conventus Clessin, 1867
Subgenus Odhneripisidium Kuiper, 1962
Pisidium moitessierianum Paladilhe, 1866
Pisidium tenuilineatum Stelfox, 1918
Subgenus Afropisidium Kuiper, 1962
Pisidium giraudi Bourguignat, 1885
Pisidium hodgkini (Suter, 1905)
Pisidium pirothi Jickeli, 1881[5]
Subgenus unknown
Pisidium artifex Kuiper, 1960[6]
Pisidium stewarti Preston, 1909[7]
Subgenus incertae sedis
Pisidium annandalei Prashad, 1925
Pisidium edlaueri Kuiper, 1960
Pisidium javanum van Benthem Jutting, 1931
Pisidium maasseni Kuiper, 1987
Pisidium punctiferum (Guppy, 1867)
Pisidium raddei Dybowski, 1902
undescribed Pisidium species from Africa (Kuiper, in prep., awaiting additional records)[8]
Footnotes
Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001).
"Abstract," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 206.
"Discussion," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 212.
"Eggshell," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 209.
Appleton C., Ghamizi M., Jørgensen A., Kristensen T. K., Lange C., Stensgaard A-S. & Van Damme D. (2009). Pisidium pirothi. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 3 December 2010.
Lange C. N. & Ngereza C. (2004). Pisidium artifex. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
Bogan A. (2011). Pisidium stewarti. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 1 November 2012.
Kuiper J.G.J. (2009). "Fossil records of Palaearctic Pisidium species in tropical Africa". Zoologische Mededelingen 83(10): 593-594. HTM Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
References
Tanke, D.H. and Brett-Surman, M.K. 2001. Evidence of Hatchling and Nestling-Size Hadrosaurs (Reptilia:Ornithischia) from Dinosaur Provincial Park (Dinosaur Park Formation: Campanian), Alberta, Canada. pp. 206–218. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life—New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Edited by D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter. Indiana University Press: Bloomington. xviii + 577 pp.
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