Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Heterobranchia
Infraclassis: Euthyneura
Cohors: Tectipleura
Subcohors: Panpulmonata
SuperOrdo: Eupulmonata
Ordo: Stylommatophora
SubOrdo: Helicina
InfraOrdo: Helicoidei
Superfamilia: Helicoidea
Familia: Polygyridae
Subfamiliae (2): Polygyrinae – Triodopsinae
Genus Incertae sedis (1): † Zhenjiangospira
Overview of genera (25 + 1†)
Extant groups (25): Allogona – Appalachina – Ashmunella – Cryptomastix – Daedalochila – Erectidens – Euchemotrema – Fumonelix – Giffordius – Hochbergellus – Inflectarius – Linisa – Lobosculum – Mesodon – Millerelix – Neohelix – Patera – Polygyra – Praticolella – Stenotrema – Trifaux – Trilobopsis – Triodopsis – Vespericola – Webbhelix – Xolotrema
Fossil groups (1): † Zhenjiangospira
Name
Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895
References
Pilsbry, H.A. 1895. Guide to the study of Helices. Manual of Conchology, 2nd Series 9 (33a): xxii.
Minton, R.L., Martinez Cruz, M.A., Farman, M.L. & Perez, K.E. 2016. Two complete mitochondrial genomes from Praticolella mexicana Perez, 2011 (Polygyridae) and gene order evolution in Helicoidea (Mollusca, Gastropoda). ZooKeys 626: 137–154. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.626.9633. Reference page.
Whelan, N.V., Strong, E.E., Gladstone, N.S. & Mays, J.W. 2023. Using genomics, morphometrics, and environmental niche modeling to test the validity of a narrow-range endemic snail, Patera nantahala (Gastropoda, Polygyridae). Zookeys 1158ː 91–120. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1158.94152 Open access Reference page.
Links
Polygyridae in the World Register of Marine Species
Polygyridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.[2]
The Polygyridae make up a significant proportion of the land snail fauna of eastern North America, and are also found in western North America, northern Central America, and are present on some Caribbean islands. The definitive reference to the group is Henry Pilsbry's 1940 monograph.[3]
Anatomy
This snail family is distinguished from other gastropods on the basis of several anatomical features: They have no dart apparatus (see love dart), the muscles which allow the eyes and pharynx to be retracted are united into a single band, and the jaws are ribbed.[4]
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 35 (according to the values in this table).[5]
Taxonomy
According to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) this family consists of the following subfamilies and tribes:
Subfamily Polygyrinae Pilsbry, 1895
tribe Allogonini Emberton, 1995
tribe Ashmunellini Webb, 1954
tribe Polygyrini Pilsbry, 1895
subtribe Mesodontina Tryon, 1866
subtribe Polygyrina Pilsbry, 1895
subtribe Stenotrematina Emberton, 1995
Subfamily Triodopsinae Pilsbry, 1940
Genera
This family is defined by an absent diverticulum and absent stimulatory organ. The two subfamilies, Polygyrinae and Triodopsinae, are distinguished on the basis of reproductive anatomy.[6][7][8] As some species in the subfamily Polygirinae show a penial appendage. This family is monophyletic.[9]
Pilsbry[3] uses the generic names Allogona, Ashmunella, Giffordius, Mesodon, Polygyra, Praticolella, Stenotrema, Trilobopsis, Triodopsis, and Vespericola. The remaining names listed here have either been elevated from Pilsbry's subgenera since 1940, or newly created.
Subfamily Polygyrinae:
Appalachina
Daedalochila
Euchemotrema
Fumonelix
Giffordius
Hochbergellus
Inflectarius
Linisa
Lobosculum
Mesodon
Millerelix
Patera
Polygyra
Praticolella
Stenotrema
Trilobopsis
Subfamily Triodopsinae:
Allogona
Ashmunella
Cryptomastix
Neohelix
Triodopsis
Vespericola
Webbhelix
Xolotrema
References
Binney, William G. (1878). The Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the United States and Adjacent Territories of North America. Vol. 5 (plates). Bull. Mus. Comparative Zool., Harvard. Plate 11.
MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=993919 on 2021-02-11
Pilsbry, Henry A. 1940. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3, vol. 1(2): 575-994.
Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3, vol. 1(1): 1.
Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
Pilsbry, H. A. 1940. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monograph 3, 1(2): 576.
Emberton, K. C. 1991. The genetic, allozymic and conchological evolution of the tribe Mesodontini. Malacologia 33 (1-2): 71-178
[1] Polygyridae at ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System); accessed 18 Dec. 2007.
Emberton, K. C. (1991). "Polygyrid relations: a phylogenetic analysis of 17 subfamilies of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 103 (3): 207–224. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00903.x. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.
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